Deregulation Commission &State’s Role in Governance
Syllabus: GS2/Governance
India’s Deregulation Commission: A Step Towards Economic Reform
In a major push to enhance the ease of doing business and minimize bureaucratic inefficiencies, the Prime Minister of India recently announced the establishment of a Deregulation Commission. This initiative aims to streamline regulatory processes, eliminate redundant laws, and foster a more competitive business environment.
Understanding Deregulation and Its Significance
Deregulation involves reducing or eliminating government-imposed restrictions on industries to promote market efficiency and free competition. In India, businesses—particularly startups and MSMEs—face significant regulatory hurdles, including excessive licensing requirements, outdated laws, and bureaucratic delays.
Key Highlights of the Deregulation Commission
- Eliminating Archaic Regulations: As part of the Jan Vishwas 2.0 initiative, the government aims to scrap obsolete compliance requirements.
- Sectoral Focus: Banking, energy, telecom, retail, and manufacturing have been identified as key sectors for deregulation.
- Collaboration with Regulators: The Commission will work alongside bodies like RBI, SEBI, TRAI, and CERC to ensure a balanced approach to deregulation.
- Encouraging Private Investment: By reducing bureaucratic red tape, the Commission aims to attract higher FDI and domestic investments.
Rationale Behind the Deregulation Commission
- Reducing Bureaucratic Hurdles:
- India ranks 63rd in the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Index (2020).
- Deregulation can streamline approval processes and eliminate redundant laws.
- Boosting Economic Growth:
- Sectors such as manufacturing, infrastructure, and digital economy require faster approvals and simplified compliance frameworks.
- Encouraging Entrepreneurship & Innovation:
- Startups and MSMEs struggle with multiple approvals, heavy taxation, and rigid labor laws.
- Simplified regulations can foster innovation and job creation.
- Modernizing Outdated Laws:
- India still retains several colonial-era laws that hinder business expansion.
- The Commission will recommend the repeal or amendment of such laws.
- Attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
- While India has seen rising FDI inflows, restrictive policies in retail, insurance, and e-commerce remain a challenge.
- Enhancing Federalism & State Cooperation:
- Regulatory inconsistencies across states create an uneven business landscape.
- A central body can work with state governments to create uniform policies.
- Increasing Competition & Market Efficiency:
- Deregulation can lead to lower consumer prices, improved services, and greater productivity.
Evolution of Deregulation in India
India’s 1991 economic liberalization marked the beginning of reduced state control over industries, an increase in FDI inflows, and greater private sector participation. Several regulatory commissions have since played a role in overseeing deregulation across key industries.
Key Regulatory Commissions and Their Impact
Regulatory Commission | Sector | Role | Major Reforms |
RBI | Banking & Finance | Regulates monetary policy and financial institutions | – Increased FDI limits in insurance |
TRAI | Telecommunications | Ensures fair competition and consumer protection | – 1994: Allowed private telecom players |
CERC | Energy | Regulates electricity pricing and open access | – Encouraged private investment in power generation |
PNGRB | Oil & Gas | Ensures transparency in fuel pricing | – 2010: Deregulation of petrol prices |
Challenges and Negative Impacts of Deregulation
While deregulation encourages market growth, it also comes with potential risks:
- Market Failures & Monopolies:
- Excessive deregulation can result in monopoly formation and financial crises (e.g., 2008 Global Financial Crisis).
- Some industries, such as telecom, have seen dominance by a few players (e.g., Reliance Jio).
- Job Losses in Public Sector Units (PSUs):
- Privatization often leads to downsizing in PSUs, causing large-scale layoffs.
- Regulatory Capture:
- Powerful private entities may influence policy decisions to serve their interests rather than public welfare.
- Rural Economic Disparities:
- Deregulation tends to benefit urban economies more than rural areas, leading to widening income inequalities.
- Environmental Concerns:
- Rapid industrial expansion can increase pollution and resource depletion.
- Lax regulations may compromise environmental sustainability.
Way Forward: A Balanced Approach
To ensure that deregulation leads to inclusive and sustainable growth, policymakers must focus on:
- Consumer Protection:
- Safeguards must remain in place to prevent exploitative pricing and unfair market practices.
- Preventing Corporate Malpractices:
- Regulatory oversight is needed to prevent monopolistic behavior and ensure ethical business practices.
- Balancing Business Interests with Public Welfare:
- Sectors like healthcare and education require careful deregulation to avoid profiteering at the cost of social welfare.
Conclusion
The Deregulation Commission represents a transformative step towards making India’s business environment more efficient and investor-friendly. However, uncontrolled deregulation can lead to market failures, job losses, and economic disparities. Thus, India must strike a balance between economic liberalization and regulatory oversight to ensure inclusive and sustainable growth.
Which of the following arguments can be made against deregulation in India’s financial sector?
- It may increase systemic financial risks, leading to crises like the 2008 Global Financial Crisis.
2. Private players may prioritize short-term profits over long-term economic stability.
3. Reduced state oversight may lead to higher financial fraud and banking irregularities.
4. It may make India’s economy more resilient to external financial shocks.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2, and 3 only
(c) 2, 3, and 4 only
(d) 1, 3, and 4 only
Answer: (b)
Explanation:
While deregulation can boost competition, excessive deregulation in the financial sector may increase risks, promote speculative behavior, and lead to crises. However, it does not necessarily make the economy more resilient (eliminating option 4).
3 Years of India and UAE-CEPA
Syllabus: GS2/IR/GS3/Economy
Introduction
The India-United Arab Emirates (UAE) Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) marks its third anniversary in 2025, reinforcing the strategic economic collaboration between two major trade partners. This landmark agreement has played a crucial role in boosting bilateral trade, investment, and cooperation across various sectors.
Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA): An Overview
- India’s first deep and full-fledged Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in a decade, symbolizing a long-term economic vision.
- Signed in February 2022, covering key sectors such as:
- Trade in Goods & Services
- Pharmaceuticals
- Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
- Investment & Digital Trade
- Aimed at significantly enhancing trade and investment flows between the two nations.
Significance of India-UAE CEPA
1. Boosting Bilateral Trade
- Aims to increase goods trade to USD 100 billion and services trade to USD 15 billion over the next five years.
- Strengthens India’s economic ties with one of its largest trade partners in the Gulf region.
2. Job Creation & Economic Growth
- Expected to generate over 1 million job opportunities for the Indian workforce.
- Trade liberalization and improved market access provide a boost to labor-intensive industries.
3. Preferential Market Access for Indian Goods
- Zero-duty market access for 90% of India’s exports to the UAE.
- Enhances India’s global competitiveness, benefiting sectors such as textiles, gems, jewelry, and food processing.
4. Strengthening UAE-India Trade Links in the Gulf Region
- Expands market access to neighboring Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, Africa, and Europe.
- Reinforces India’s trade presence in global markets.
India-UAE Relations: A Multi-Dimensional Partnership
1. Political Relations
- Diplomatic relations established in 1972 have evolved into a strategic partnership.
- UAE was invited as a Guest Country at the G-20 Summit.
- Cooperation in multilateral platforms like I2U2 (India-Israel-UAE-USA) and UFI (UAE-France-India) Trilateral.
2. Economic & Commercial Ties
- Trade Growth:
- From USD 180 million in the 1970s to USD 85 billion in 2022-23.
- UAE is India’s third-largest trading partner, after China and the US.
- Key Export Market:
- The UAE is India’s second-largest export destination, with exports worth USD 31.61 billion in 2022-23.
3. Defense Cooperation
- Joint Defense Cooperation Committee (JDCC) oversees military, security, and defense collaborations.
- The 2003 Agreement on Defense Cooperation, effective since 2004, facilitates joint military exercises and intelligence sharing.
4. Nuclear Cooperation
- MoU on civil nuclear cooperation signed in 2024.
- Builds upon the 2015 agreement on the peaceful use of nuclear energy.
5. Space Cooperation
- ISRO and UAE Space Agency signed an MoU in 2016 for joint space exploration and satellite technology development.
6. Indian Community in the UAE
- Largest expatriate community, numbering approximately 3.5 million, constituting 35% of the UAE’s population.
- NRI Remittances:
- Indian expatriates contribute 18% of total remittances to India (2020-21 data).
Challenges in India-UAE Relations
1. Trade Imbalances
- India has a trade deficit with the UAE due to high oil imports.
- Need for diversified trade expansion beyond hydrocarbons.
2. Geopolitical Tensions in the Region
- Political instability in the Middle East and Gulf region can impact trade and strategic relations.
3. Labor and Migration Issues
- India remains a major labor supplier to the UAE.
- Ensuring migrant rights, wages, and working conditions remains a challenge.
4. UAE’s Foreign Policy and Regional Alignments
- UAE’s relations with Pakistan and Iran occasionally create diplomatic complexities.
Way Forward: Strengthening the India-UAE Partnership
1. Expanding Economic & Trade Cooperation
- Focus on non-oil trade growth, aiming for USD 100 billion by 2030.
- Strengthen digital trade, FinTech, and investment ties.
2. Joint Strategic and Security Cooperation
- Enhance defense collaboration, counter-terrorism initiatives, and intelligence sharing.
- Focus on regional stability in the Middle East.
3. Addressing Labor and Migrant Concerns
- Strengthening bilateral labor agreements to ensure better protections for Indian workers.
- Promote skill development programs to align with UAE’s workforce requirements.
4. Deepening Technological & Investment Ties
- Boost cooperation in AI, renewable energy, and financial technology (FinTech).
- Enhance investments in digital trade and e-commerce sectors.
Conclusion
The India-UAE CEPA has significantly strengthened bilateral trade, investment, and strategic ties over the past three years. By addressing trade imbalances, labor concerns, and geopolitical complexities, both nations can continue to enhance their partnership. With a forward-looking approach, India and the UAE can further expand their economic, defense, and technological collaborations, solidifying their status as key allies in the Gulf and global economy.
Which of the following best describes the strategic significance of the India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)?
(a) It is India’s first bilateral trade agreement that includes defense cooperation and joint military exercises.
(b) It marks India’s first full-fledged Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in a decade, covering goods, services, investment, and digital trade.
(c) It eliminates all tariffs on Indian exports to the UAE while restricting access for UAE goods in Indian markets.
(d) It replaces India’s trade agreements with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and establishes UAE as India’s primary trade partner.
Answer: (b)
Explanation: CEPA is India’s first full-fledged FTA in a decade, covering multiple sectors including goods, services, investment, and digital trade. It does not replace GCC agreements or include defense cooperation.
International Mother Language Day
Syllabus: GS2/ Government Policies & Interventions
Context
Observed annually on February 21, International Mother Language Day highlights the importance of preserving linguistic diversity and safeguarding endangered languages.
Background
- The observance of International Mother Language Day originated from Bangladesh, commemorating the 1952 Bengali Language Movement.
- In 1999, UNESCO officially recognized the day, and it has been celebrated globally since 2000 to promote multilingualism and linguistic heritage.
India’s Linguistic Diversity
India is among the most linguistically diverse nations, often regarded as a global language hotspot.
- According to the 2018 Census, India has 19,500+ languages and dialects, with 121 languages spoken by over 10,000 people.
- The 1961 Census recorded 1,652 mother tongues, but by 1971, this number had drastically reduced to 109 due to linguistic categorization.
Threat to Indigenous Languages: UNESCO reports that 42 Indian languages are critically endangered—more than any other country.
- A total of 197 languages in India are currently endangered.
- Around 250 languages have gone extinct over the past six decades.
- Remote and indigenous communities—especially in the Northeast and Andaman & Nicobar Islands—face the highest risk of language loss.
- Example: The Great Andamanese language and Rai-Rokdung language (Sikkim) are critically endangered.
Reasons for Language Disappearance
- Modernization & Globalization – Younger generations prioritize dominant languages (Hindi, English) for education, employment, and social mobility.
- Declining Speakers – Reduced intergenerational transmission leads to language erosion.
- Dominance of Major Languages – Smaller languages struggle for relevance against widely spoken tongues.
- Lack of Script & Documentation – Many endangered languages lack a formal writing system, making preservation efforts difficult.
Efforts to Preserve Linguistic Diversity
Several initiatives are in place to document, protect, and revive endangered languages:
- People’s Linguistic Survey of India (PLSI) – Documents linguistic profiles of communities across India.
- Sidhela Archive (Sikkim University) – Aims to safeguard endangered languages in the Northeast.
- Scheme for Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages (SPPEL) –
- Implemented by the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysore.
- Focuses on preserving languages spoken by less than 10,000 people.
- AI4Bharat Initiative –
- Uses artificial intelligence (AI) to develop speech recognition, machine translation, and text-to-speech models in 22 Indian languages.
- Enhances accessibility for researchers, industries, and native speakers.
Conclusion: Language preservation is not just about saving words—it is about protecting cultural identity, indigenous knowledge, and historical traditions. The loss of languages leads to the disappearance of unique cultural narratives, oral traditions, and centuries-old wisdom. Safeguarding linguistic diversity is crucial for fostering inclusive development, cultural sustainability, and global heritage conservation.
Which of the following statements correctly explains the historical significance of International Mother Language Day?
(a) It commemorates the adoption of linguistic federalism in Bangladesh’s 1972 Constitution.
(b) It marks the recognition of indigenous languages by UNESCO after the 2001 Durban Declaration.
(c) It honors the Bengali Language Movement of 1952, where students sacrificed their lives to protect their linguistic rights.
(d) It was initiated by UNESCO in response to India’s demand for linguistic diversity recognition in the UN system.
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
International Mother Language Day originated from Bangladesh’s Bengali Language Movement of 1952, where students protested for the recognition of Bengali as an official language. UNESCO recognized it in 1999, and it has been globally observed since 2000.
Internet Shutdowns in India
Syllabus: GS2/Polity and Governance
Internet Shutdowns in 2024: Trends and Legal Framework
Context
A report by advocacy body Access Now highlights that 2024 witnessed the highest number of internet shutdowns globally, raising concerns about digital rights and governance.
Global Trends in Internet Shutdowns (2024)
- A total of 296 internet shutdowns occurred worldwide.
- India accounted for 84 shutdowns, making up 28% of the global total.
- India had the second-highest number of shutdowns, just behind Myanmar.
- However, India’s total shutdowns in 2024 were fewer compared to the previous year.
- Shutdowns were imposed in 16 Indian States and Union Territories.
- States with the Most Shutdowns:
- Manipur – 21 shutdowns
- Haryana – 12 shutdowns
- Jammu & Kashmir – 12 shutdowns
- Primary Reasons for Shutdowns:
- Protests: 41 instances
- Communal violence: 23 instancesLegal Provisions Governing Internet Shutdowns in India
- Indian Telegraph Act, 1885:
- Internet shutdowns can be imposed in cases of “public emergency” or in the interest of “public safety”.
- However, the law does not clearly define what qualifies as an emergency or a safety issue.
- Section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC):
- Before 2017, most shutdowns were imposed under Section 144 CrPC.
- This provision allows authorities to prevent unlawful gatherings and direct individuals to refrain from certain activities.
- Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017:
- These rules formalized the process for imposing temporary internet shutdowns.
- Shutdown orders must be reviewed by an advisory board within five days to assess their legitimacy.
Landmark Case: Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020)
- The Supreme Court ruled that indefinite internet shutdowns are unconstitutional.
- It held that:
- Internet access is a fundamental right under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution.
- Shutdowns must be temporary and proportionate, not indefinite.
- The government must publish all orders imposing shutdowns under Section 144 CrPC.
- All shutdown orders are subject to judicial review.
Arguments in Favor of Internet Shutdowns
- National Security: Prevents the spread of misinformation and coordination of unlawful activities.
- Targeted & Temporary Measure: Aims to address specific security concerns rather than long-term restrictions.
- Preventing Unrest & Violence: Helps curb the organization of protests, riots, and civil disturbances.
- Countering Fake News: Reduces the spread of disinformation during crises.
Arguments Against Internet Shutdowns
- Freedom of Expression: Violates constitutional rights to speech and information.
- Global Reputation & Investment: Frequent shutdowns hurt India’s image and discourage foreign investment.
- Human Rights Concerns: Impacts access to information, freedom of assembly, and democratic rights.
- Economic Losses: Disrupts businesses, digital transactions, and e-commerce.
- Educational Setbacks: Hinders online learning, affecting students and teachers.
- Lack of Transparency: The government needs to provide clear justifications and timelines for shutdowns.
Conclusion
In a democratic setup, internet shutdowns should be exceptional rather than a routine measure.
- The government must justify each shutdown transparently and ensure they are proportionate and time-bound.
- Indiscriminate shutdowns impose high social and economic costs without effectively addressing security concerns.
- To achieve better internet governance, civil society and policymakers must work towards a more accountable and transparent system.
Consider the following statements regarding global internet shutdowns in 2024:
- India recorded the highest number of internet shutdowns globally.
2. Manipur was the Indian state with the most shutdowns in 2024.
3. Internet shutdowns in India were higher in 2024 compared to the previous year.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (b)
Explanation: India had the second-highest number of internet shutdowns in 2024, behind Myanmar (making Statement 1 incorrect). Manipur recorded the highest shutdowns (21), so Statement 2 is correct. However, shutdowns in 2024 were fewer than in the previous year, making Statement 3 incorrect.
India’s Rising LNG Imports
Syllabus: GS 3/Economy
India’s Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) imports from the United States surged to 7.14 billion cubic meters (BCM) in the first 11 months of 2024, marking a 71% year-over-year increase and strengthening energy ties between the two nations.
Understanding LNG
- Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is natural gas cooled to -162°C (-260°F), converting it into a liquid form for easy storage and transportation.
- It is composed mainly of methane (90%) and is odorless, colorless, non-toxic, and non-corrosive.
India’s LNG Landscape
- India, the world’s third-largest energy consumer, is witnessing rapid energy demand growth.
- Economic expansion is driving higher LNG consumption, making it a critical fuel source.
- India’s LNG infrastructure includes import terminals, pipelines, and distribution networks, catering to power plants, industries, and urban gas networks.
- However, congestion and supply chain inefficiencies hinder optimal utilization of LNG facilities.
US Emerges as a Key LNG Supplier to India
- US Overtakes UAE: In 2023, the United States became India’s second-largest LNG supplier, surpassing the UAE, while Qatar remains the top supplier.
- 53.5% Growth in 2024: India’s LNG imports from the US grew by 53.5% in 2024, surpassing total imports from the US in 2023.
- Key Drivers of Growth:
- Expansion of US liquefaction capacity.
- Competitive pricing of US LNG.
- Strategic shipping routes via the Cape of Good Hope, ensuring timely and cost-effective deliveries.
Why is LNG Crucial for India?
- Energy Diversification: As India moves away from coal, LNG is a key component of its clean energy transition.
- Net-Zero Commitment: LNG plays a significant role in reducing carbon emissions and achieving India’s net-zero target by 2070.
- Industrial Demand: Industries require cleaner and efficient fuel sources, making LNG a preferred alternative.
- Urbanization & City Gas Expansion:
- Rapid urban growth is driving the expansion of City Gas Distribution (CGD) networks.
- Piped Natural Gas (PNG) offers a cleaner, safer alternative to traditional cooking fuels.
Challenges in India’s LNG Sector
- Infrastructure Deficiencies: Despite aiming to increase natural gas’s share to 15% of the energy mix by 2030, infrastructure remains inadequate.
- Congested Terminals: Limited LNG terminals lead to bottlenecks and inefficiencies.
- Restricted Pipeline Network: Underdeveloped pipelines limit LNG distribution to remote areas.
- Storage Constraints: Insufficient LNG storage capacity makes India vulnerable to price volatility and supply disruptions.
Government Initiatives to Boost LNG Adoption
- Energy Transition Policy: Targeting 15% natural gas share in the energy mix by 2030.
- National Gas Grid Expansion: Strengthening the LNG pipeline network to improve supply efficiency.
- City Gas Distribution (CGD) Expansion: Enhancing urban access to PNG and CNG.
- Development of New LNG Terminals: Increasing import and storage capacity.
- Priority Gas Allocation: Ensuring domestic natural gas supply for CNG (transport) and PNG (households).
- Liberalized Gas Pricing:
- Marketing and pricing freedom for gas from deepwater, high-pressure, and coal seam sources.
- Ceiling price mechanism to control market fluctuations.
- Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) Initiative:
- Promotes Bio-CNG as a clean fuel alternative for transportation.
Conclusion & Way Forward
- Investment Incentives: Policy measures must be introduced to attract private and foreign investment in LNG infrastructure.
- Regulatory Simplification: Faster approvals for LNG terminals and pipeline projects to boost expansion.
- Small-Scale LNG Development: Encouraging research and deployment of small-scale LNG plants for decentralized energy solutions.
- Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Strengthening collaboration between the government, private sector, and financial institutions to build a robust LNG ecosystem.
India’s LNG sector holds immense potential for energy security, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. Strategic investments and policy reforms will be key to ensuring a stable, efficient, and future-ready LNG infrastructure.
Consider the following statements regarding India’s LNG imports from the United States in 2024
- India’s LNG imports from the US increased by 71% year-over-year in 2024.
- The US overtook Qatar as India’s top LNG supplier in 2024.
- Strategic shipping routes via the Cape of Good Hope have contributed to cost-effective deliveries from the US.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer : (a)
Explanation:
India’s LNG imports from the US grew by 71% in 2024, confirming Statement 1. However, Qatar remains India’s top LNG supplier, meaning Statement 2 is incorrect. Statement 3 is correct as the Cape of Good Hope route ensures timely and cost-effective deliveries from the US.
Quantum Property of the Nanocrystals
Syllabus:G S3/Science and Technology
Scientists have developed a novel method to determine whether gravity follows the principles of quantum mechanics using nanocrystals.
Background
- General relativity explains gravity, while quantum mechanics governs the electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces.
- Researchers aim to understand how gravity fits into the quantum framework, proposing experiments to test whether gravity exhibits quantum properties.
- Quantum mechanics describes the behavior of particles at the microscopic scale, where classical physics no longer applies.
- Quantum technology leverages principles like superposition and entanglement, enabling advancements beyond traditional physics.
Nanocrystals and Their Role in the Experiment
- Nanocrystals are tiny crystalline structures (1–100 nm in size) that exhibit quantum mechanical properties, such as altered conductivity, magnetism, and light absorption.
- Scientists propose using a quantum property of nanocrystals known as spin.
- The spin influences the motion of nanocrystals and can be controlled using an external magnetic field.
- The spin of each nanocrystal exists in a superposition of two states until it is measured, a key quantum phenomenon.
Potential Discoveries
- The experiment could provide evidence that gravity is not a classical force.
- Alternatively, it might suggest that gravity operates under an entirely different framework, distinct from both classical and quantum forces.
With reference to quantum mechanics, which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Quantum mechanics applies only to subatomic particles and does not influence macroscopic objects.
(b) Quantum principles like superposition and entanglement have no practical technological applications.
(c) Classical mechanics fully explains the behavior of all physical systems without the need for quantum corrections.
(d) Quantum technology leverages principles such as superposition and entanglement to develop advanced computing and communication systems.
Answer:(d)
Explanation: Quantum mechanics applies to subatomic and macroscopic systems (quantum computers, superconductors), making Statement a incorrect. Quantum technology has practical applications (quantum computing, cryptography), refuting Statement b. Classical mechanics fails at microscopic scales (e.g., electron orbitals), making Statement c incorrect. Statement d is correct.
The Tea Horse Road
China’s Ambassador to India, Xu Feihong, recently emphasized the historical importance of the Tea Horse Road, highlighting its role in facilitating trade between India and China through Tibet.
What is the Tea Horse Road?
The Tea Horse Road was an ancient trade route that connected China, Tibet, and India. It primarily served as a trading network where Chinese tea was exchanged for Tibetan horses, playing a crucial role in regional commerce.
- It had two main routes, passing through cities like Dali and Lijiang in China’s Yunnan province.
- The pathways extended to Lhasa in Tibet, branching further into India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.
- The trade route dates back to the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE).
- Buddhist monk Yijing (635–713 CE) recorded the transportation of sugar, textiles, and rice noodles from southwestern China to Tibet and India, while horses, leather, gold, saffron, and medicinal herbs were sent to China.
Significance of the Tea Horse Road
- Strengthened India-China trade through Tibet, fostering economic ties.
- Encouraged cultural exchange, influencing cuisine, textiles, and Buddhism between the regions.
- Enhanced economic interdependence by linking China’s tea-producing regions with India’s trading hubs.
Consider the following statements regarding the Tea Horse Road
- It primarily functioned as a Silk Road alternative, facilitating the exchange of silk and spices between China and India.
- It connected China’s Yunnan province to Tibet and extended into India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.
- The route was first established during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 CE).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (b)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect because the Tea Horse Road was not an alternative to the Silk Road, but rather a distinct trade route focused on the exchange of Chinese tea for Tibetan horses. Statement 2 is correct as the route extended from China’s Yunnan province to Tibet and further into India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Statement 3 is incorrect because the route dates back to the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE), not the Ming Dynasty.
Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement
Syllabus: GS 1/History
Farmers protesting at the Punjab and Haryana borders observed February 23 as Pagri Sambhal Diwas to honour the revolutionary leader Ajit Singh.
Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement (1907): The slogan “Pagri Sambhal Jatta” translates to “Take care of your turban, O farmer”, symbolizing self-respect and dignity. The movement was led by Ajit Singh in 1907 to oppose three exploitative British agricultural laws.
Oppressive British Laws Targeted by the Movement
- Punjab Land Alienation Act (1900) – Restricted farmers’ rights to sell or mortgage land.
- Punjab Land Colonisation Act (1906) – Gave British authorities control over land in the Chenab Colony.
- Doab Bari Act (1907) – Reduced farmers to contract laborers, depriving them of land ownership.
Additionally, farmers suffered under heavy taxation on land and irrigation, worsening their economic struggles.
Impact of the Movement
- One of the first major farmer uprisings against British rule.
- Sparked mass protests, civil disobedience, and public resistance.
- Led to the partial repeal of oppressive laws due to pressure from the movement.
- Inspired future movements, including the Ghadar Movement and Bhagat Singh’s revolutionary activities.
Ajit Singh: The Revolutionary Leader
- Born: February 23, 1881, in Khatkar Kalan, Punjab.
- A prominent freedom fighter, nationalist, and revolutionary.
- Worked with Lala Hardayal, Madame Cama, and other Indian revolutionaries in Europe.
- Played a crucial role in mentoring his nephew, Bhagat Singh.
- Exiled from 1909 to 1947 due to his relentless opposition to British rule.
- Died on August 15, 1947, the day India gained independence.
Conclusion
The Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement remains a symbol of farmers’ resistance against oppression, and Ajit Singh’s legacy continues to inspire struggles for justice and dignity.
With reference to the Pagri Sambhal Jatta Movement of 1907, consider the following statements:
- It was primarily a reaction to the British-imposed increase in land revenue and irrigation taxes.
- The movement led to the immediate and complete repeal of all three targeted British agricultural laws.
- The slogan “Pagri Sambhal Jatta” was popularized by Lala Lajpat Rai.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (a)
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct: The movement was triggered by oppressive British laws and excessive taxation on land and irrigation.
- Statement 2 is incorrect: The movement led to partial repeal of the laws, not an immediate and complete revocation.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: The slogan “Pagri Sambhal Jatta” was popularized by Ajit Singh, not Lala Lajpat Rai.
National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM)
Syllabus: GS2/ Health
Context
The National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM) has issued a strict warning to Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani medical colleges across the country regarding compliance with regulations.
About NCISM
The National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM) is a statutory body established under the NCISM Act, 2020. It functions under the Ministry of Ayush and oversees the governance of:
- Board of Ayurveda and Unani
- Board of Unani, Siddha, and Sowa-Rigpa
Objectives of NCISM
- Ensuring Quality Medical Professionals – To maintain a sufficient number of skilled professionals in the Indian System of Medicine (ISM).
- Promoting Medical Research – Encouraging ISM practitioners to adopt the latest advancements in medical research.
- Assessing Medical Institutions – Conducting periodic evaluations to ensure ISM institutions meet educational and professional standards.
Conclusion
The NCISM plays a crucial role in regulating and enhancing the standards of Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani medical education, ensuring that traditional medical systems continue to thrive with scientific rigor and quality assurance.
With reference to the National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM), consider the following statements:
- It was established under the NCISM Act, 2020, and functions under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
- The NCISM regulates Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Sowa-Rigpa medical education in India.
- One of its objectives is to integrate Indian System of Medicine (ISM) with modern allopathic practices.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (b)
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is incorrect: The NCISM was established under the NCISM Act, 2020, but it functions under the Ministry of Ayush, not the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
- Statement 2 is correct: The NCISM regulates Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Sowa-Rigpa medical education in India.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: While NCISM promotes research and modernization of ISM, it does not aim to integrate it with allopathic medicine.
Battle of Karnal
Introduction
Fought on February 24, 1739, the Battle of Karnal marked a significant decline in the Mughal Empire. Nadir Shah, the ruler of Persia, decisively defeated Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah ‘Rangila’ within a few hours. This battle exposed the vulnerabilities of the Mughal military and governance, accelerating the empire’s downfall.
Background of the Mughal Empire: The Mughal Empire reached its peak under Emperor Aurangzeb but began to decline after his reign. Several factors contributed to this deterioration, including:
- Internal conflicts and succession wars
- Heavy taxation on peasants, leading to economic distress
- Military threats from regional powers
- Widespread revolts, draining the empire’s resources
Nadir Shah’s Invasion
Having consolidated his power in Persia, Nadir Shah set his sights on India. After conquering Kandahar in 1738, he launched an invasion, swiftly defeating Mughal vassal states. The Mughal response was sluggish and ineffective, revealing their declining military efficiency.
The Battle of Karnal
On February 24, 1739, the Mughal and Persian armies met at Karnal. Despite the Mughals fielding a vast force of 300,000 soldiers, including elephants and cannons, they were no match for Nadir Shah’s highly disciplined army of 55,000 troops. His superior strategy and modern warfare tactics led to a swift and decisive Persian victory.
Aftermath of the Battle
Following the battle, Nadir Shah marched into Delhi, unleashing widespread plunder and massacre. The Persian forces looted the Mughal treasury, seizing immense wealth, including:
- The Peacock Throne
- The Koh-i-Noor diamond
Although Nadir Shah later withdrew, the Mughal Empire was left crippled and humiliated.
Long-term Consequences
The defeat at Karnal and the subsequent sacking of Delhi marked the beginning of the end for the Mughals. While they continued to rule for another 118 years, their authority steadily declined. Over time, they lost control over territories, eventually leading to the empire’s dissolution by the British in 1857.
Conclusion
The Battle of Karnal symbolized the Mughal Empire’s waning power and the rise of external invaders. Nadir Shah’s invasion exposed the empire’s fragility, paving the way for future incursions and regional fragmentation, ultimately leading to British dominance in India.
With reference to the Battle of Karnal (1739), consider the following statements:
- The Mughal army outnumbered Nadir Shah’s forces but was defeated due to poor leadership and military inefficiency.
- Nadir Shah’s invasion was preceded by the conquest of Kandahar in 1738.
- The battle lasted for several days before the Mughals surrendered to Nadir Shah.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (a)
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct: The Mughal army had 300,000 soldiers compared to Nadir Shah’s 55,000 troops, yet they were overwhelmed due to poor leadership, outdated military tactics, and lack of discipline.
- Statement 2 is correct: Nadir Shah’s invasion of India followed his conquest of Kandahar in 1738, demonstrating his military expansion strategy.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: The Battle of Karnal lasted only a few hours, showcasing the superior Persian strategy and Mughal military weakness.
AI Tools in Tuberculosis Screening
The fight against tuberculosis (TB) in India is at a critical stage. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s goal to eliminate TB by 2025 faces challenges due to gaps between technological advancements and their practical implementation in public health programs.
AI Tools for TB Screening
Two significant AI-based TB screening solutions have emerged:
- qXR by Qure.ai
- Genki by DeepTek
Both tools have undergone assessments for sensitivity and specificity:
- qXR: Over 90% sensitivity and more than 70% specificity
- Genki: Similar promising results
These AI models have been successfully deployed at multiple sites across India and globally, highlighting their potential to revolutionize TB screening.
Challenges in Implementation
1. Delays in Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Process
The HTAIn committee evaluates new technologies for cost-effectiveness and efficacy. However, despite qXR and Genki receiving positive assessments, their integration into the national TB program remains stalled.
In contrast, the Central TB Division (CTD) has recommended another AI tool, DeepCXR, which lacks a formal HTA assessment, raising concerns about transparency in decision-making.
2. Lack of Clarity from the Central TB Division (CTD)
Although DeepCXR has been approved for use, state health departments have not been formally informed, delaying its widespread adoption. This lack of clear communication hinders the timely deployment of AI solutions for TB screening.
Cost-Effectiveness of AI-Based TB Screening
Both qXR and Genki have been proven cost-effective, making them viable solutions for India’s TB detection efforts:
- qXR: ₹30 per screening
- Genki: ₹22 per screening
Their affordability suggests that adopting these AI tools could lead to significant cost savings while enhancing early TB detection.
The Role of Chest X-Rays in TB Detection
Chest X-rays play a critical role in identifying presumptive and subclinical TB cases. They have proven highly effective in national surveys, detecting a large portion of TB cases.
AI-assisted X-ray interpretation improves speed and accuracy, making it an ideal solution for resource-limited settings.
Conclusion
While AI-driven TB screening tools hold immense potential, bureaucratic delays and a lack of clear policy direction hinder their integration into India’s TB elimination program. To achieve the 2025 target, swift action is needed to implement proven AI solutions, streamline approval processes, and ensure efficient communication between national and state health authorities.
With reference to AI-based TB screening in India, consider the following statements:
- AI tools like qXR and Genki have demonstrated over 90% specificity in TB detection.
- The Health Technology Assessment (HTA) process plays a crucial role in evaluating the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of AI-based medical tools.
- DeepCXR has undergone rigorous HTA assessment before its approval for use in the national TB program.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only
Answer: (b)
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is incorrect: AI tools like qXR and Genki have over 90% sensitivity but more than 70% specificity, not 90% specificity. Sensitivity refers to the ability to correctly identify TB cases, whereas specificity indicates the ability to correctly rule out non-TB cases.
- Statement 2 is correct: The Health Technology Assessment (HTA) process evaluates new medical technologies for their effectiveness and cost-efficiency before they are integrated into public health programs.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: DeepCXR was recommended by the Central TB Division (CTD) without undergoing a formal HTA assessment, raising concerns about transparency in decision-making.
