9 Years of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
- The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), launched in 2016 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, celebrated its nine-year anniversary on February 18, 2025.
- This significant scheme has become a cornerstone of support for Indian farmers, aimed at stabilizing their incomes and promoting modern agricultural practices.
Core Objectives and Coverage:
- The primary goal of PMFBY is to shield farmers from financial hardships arising from unpredictable natural calamities.
- The scheme provides comprehensive insurance coverage for losses due to events like droughts, floods, hailstorms, and pest infestations.
- This vital financial safety net allows farmers to recover from setbacks and continue their agricultural activities.
Government Commitment and Investment:
The Union Cabinet recently approved the continuation of PMFBY and the Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS) through 2025-26, demonstrating the government’s ongoing commitment.
A substantial budget of ₹69,515.71 crore has been allocated to support these crucial schemes.
Technological Integration:
PMFBY is at the forefront of leveraging technological advancements to improve efficiency and accuracy. Satellite imagery, drones, and remote sensing technologies are employed for:
- Crop area estimation
- Yield assessment
- Damage evaluation
The implementation of the YES-TECH system in Kharif 2023 further enhances the precision of yield estimates, which leads to more timely and equitable claim settlements.
Key Advantages for Farmers:
The scheme offers several notable benefits to farmers:
- Subsidized Premiums: Farmers pay a maximum premium of 2% for Kharif crops and 1.5% for Rabi crops; the remaining cost is subsidized by the government.
- Comprehensive Risk Coverage: The scheme protects against a broad spectrum of risks.
- Timely Compensation: Farmers typically receive compensation within two months of harvest, minimizing delays and preventing them from falling into debt traps.
- Coverage for Prevented Sowing: Farmers can claim indemnity if adverse weather conditions prevent them from planting their crops.
Growing Participation and Impact:
- PMFBY has witnessed a steady increase in participation since its inception.
- In the 2023-24 period, non-loanee farmers accounted for 55% of the total coverage, a clear indication of the growing confidence and trust that farmers have in the scheme.
- Some state governments have taken the initiative to waive farmer premium contributions, thereby lessening their financial burdens even further.
Global Recognition:
PMFBY holds a position as the largest crop insurance scheme globally based on the number of farmer applications. Its effectiveness sets a benchmark for other similar initiatives around the world.
What is the primary goal of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) scheme?
A) To promote modern agricultural practices in India
B) To shield farmers from financial hardships arising from natural calamities
C) To provide subsidies to farmers for purchasing farm inputs
D) To promote the use of organic farming practices in India
Answer and Explanation: B) To shield farmers from financial hardships arising from natural calamities
PMFBY is aimed at providing financial protection to farmers in case of crop losses due to natural calamities such as droughts, floods, hailstorms, and pest infestations.
This ensures that farmers can recover from financial setbacks and continue their agricultural activities.
Successful Test of Matsya-6000
Project Overview:
- India’s Deep Ocean Mission aims to enhance the country’s capabilities in ocean exploration.
- The project is led by the National Institute of Ocean Technology.
Matsya-6000 Submersible Overview:
Design and Capacity:
- The submersible has a compact design with a diameter of 2.1 meters.
- It can accommodate three personnel.
Materials and Construction:
- The submersible is constructed from a titanium alloy, allowing it to withstand extreme underwater pressures.
Systems and Features:
- Ballast system for diving.
- Thrusters for multidirectional movement.
- Advanced communication tools, including an acoustic modem and underwater telephone.
- Sophisticated power distribution network.
- Advanced underwater navigation devices.
- Life-support systems for crew safety during missions.
Testing and Development Phases:
- Dry Tests:
- Extensive dry tests were conducted to evaluate the submersible’s performance over a 500-meter range.
- Wet Tests:
- The submersible was moved to the L&T Shipbuilding facility for wet tests.
- The tests focused on assessing the submersible’s stability, manoeuvrability, and communication capabilities.
- A total of 8 dives were conducted, including both unmanned and manned trials.
Future Prospects:
- Samudrayan Project:
- The project aims to explore ocean depths for resources like precious metals and to study marine biodiversity.
- It is expected to promote ocean literacy and tourism.
Completion Timeline:
- The completion of Matsya-6000 is anticipated by 2026.
- This aligns with India’s broader goals for sustainable ocean resource development.
Significance of Ocean Exploration:
- Sustainable Resource Management:
- India’s role in ocean exploration is crucial for sustainable resource management.
- The government aims to increase the contribution of the blue economy to the national GDP.
- Marine Ecosystems and Resource Development:
- By exploring ocean depths, India seeks to enhance its knowledge of marine ecosystems and develop resources responsibly.
What is the primary objective of India’s Deep Ocean Mission, under which the Matsya-6000 submersible is developed?
A) To establish India as a global leader in deep-sea fishing
B) To enhance the country’s capabilities in ocean exploration and sustainable resource management
C) To develop advanced underwater weaponry for national defense
D) To promote ocean tourism and recreation in the Indian Ocean
Answer and Explanation: B)
- To enhance the country’s capabilities in ocean exploration and sustainable resource management
- The Deep Ocean Mission is a comprehensive initiative to explore the depths of the ocean for various purposes, including resource discovery, understanding marine ecosystems, and promoting the sustainable use of ocean resources.
- The Matsya-6000 submersible is a key component of this mission
Changes in Chief Election Commissioner Appointment Process
A recent meeting involved Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Home Minister Amit Shah, and Leader of Opposition Rahul Gandhi to appoint a successor to retiring Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) Rajiv Kumar.
- The meeting highlighted changes in the appointment process and raised concerns about the new law governing these appointments.
Previous Appointment Process:
- Procedure: The President of India appointed the CEC and Election Commissioners based on the Prime Minister’s advice.
- Legislation: There was no formal legislation governing the appointment process.
- Succession: Typically, the most senior Election Commissioner (based on the date of appointment) succeeded the outgoing CEC.
- Ambiguity: The seniority rule had potential ambiguity when Commissioners were appointed on the same day.
Introduction of the New Law:
- Legislation: The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023 governs the new appointment process.
- Search Committee: A search committee led by the Law Minister creates a shortlist of candidates.
- Selection Committee: A selection committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Leader of Opposition, and a Cabinet Minister reviews the shortlist.
Role of the Selection Committee:
- Flexibility: The selection committee can consider candidates beyond the initial shortlist.
- Goals: Aims to enhance transparency and accountability in appointing electoral officials.
Eligibility Criteria and Terms of Service:
- Eligibility: Candidates must have held a position equivalent to a Secretary in the Government of India. They must also possess integrity and experience in managing elections.
- Reappointment: Officials are not eligible for reappointment.
- Term Limit: The maximum term of service is six years for any individual in these roles.
Reasons for the Change in Appointment Process:
- Supreme Court Intervention: The change was influenced by Supreme Court interventions.
- Constitutional Considerations: The Supreme Court noted that the Constitution did not intend for the Executive to have exclusive authority over these appointments.
- Mandate for Change: The Supreme Court’s ruling mandated a more inclusive selection process, leading to the new law.
Ongoing Legal Challenges:
- Challenge to the New Law: The Association for Democratic Reforms has contested the removal of the Chief Justice of India from the selection committee.
- Supreme Court Review: The Supreme Court is set to hear these petitions, raising questions about Parliament’s authority to modify judicial rulings through legislation.
Who appoints the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners under the previous appointment process?
A) The Parliament of India
B) The Prime Minister of India
C) The President of India, based on the Prime Minister’s advice
D) The Supreme Court of India
Answer and Explanation: C) The President of India, based on the Prime Minister’s advice
The information clearly states that the President appoints them based on the Prime Minister’s advice, under the previous procedure.
Gulf of Eilat (Gulf of Aqaba)
- Context: Recent research highlights a halt in coral reef growth in the Gulf of Eilat (also known as the Gulf of Aqaba).
- Key Facts about the Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba:
- Location: Northern Red Sea, nestled between the Sinai and Arabian Peninsulas.
- Bordering Nations: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia.
- Depth Comparison: Notably deep (1,850 meters) compared to the shallower Gulf of Suez (100 meters).
- Ecological Significance: Contains important coral reef ecosystems, considered some of the world’s northernmost.
Consider the following statements regarding the Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba:
- It is located in the southern part of the Red Sea.
- It is bordered by Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia.
- It is shallower than the Gulf of Suez.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1 and 3 only
Correct Answer: b It is bordered by Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia.
ISRO Develops World’s Largest Vertical Propellant Mixer
Key Development:
- On February 13, 2025, ISRO announced the successful development of a 10-tonne Vertical Planetary Mixer.
- This is the largest of its kind globally for solid propellants.
- It was designed and manufactured in collaboration with the Central Manufacturing Technology Institute (CMTI), Bengaluru.
Significance of Solid Propulsion:
- Importance: Solid propulsion plays a crucial role in India’s space transportation systems.
- Mixing Process: The newly developed mixer will enhance efficiency and safety in mixing sensitive and hazardous ingredients used in solid rocket motors.
- Impact: Improved mixing results in higher-quality propellants, essential for successful space missions.
Features:
- Multiple hydrostatically driven agitators.
- Remotely operated via a PLC-based control system integrated with SCADA stations.
- Advanced technology ensures precision in solid propellant production.
Collaboration and Development Process:
- Partners: A joint effort between Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) and CMTI.
- Teamwork: Collaboration with academia and industry experts.
- Testing: Factory-level acceptance tests successfully completed, validating operational capabilities.
- Goal: Demonstrates India’s commitment to innovation in space technology.
Impact on Indian Space Missions:
- Revolutionary Impact: Expected to transform solid rocket motor production.
- Benefits: Will enhance productivity and throughput.
- Alignment: Supports India’s initiative to achieve self-reliance in critical space technologies.
- Milestone: Represents another significant achievement in India’s space capabilities.
What is the primary focus of Exercise Dharma Guardian?
A) Maritime security operations in the Indian Ocean
B) Air combat training in the Himalayas
C) Urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations under a United Nations mandate
D) Nuclear weapon simulations
Answer and Explanation: C) Urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations under a United Nations mandate
- The text states the exercise focuses on urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations, and specifically mentions it takes place under a UN mandate.
6th Edition of Exercise Dharma Guardian
- The sixth edition of Exercise Dharma Guardian will be held at Mount Fuji, Japan, from February 25 to March 9, 2025.
- This is a joint military exercise between India and Japan.
- It aims to enhance interoperability between their armed forces.
- It focuses on urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations under a United Nations mandate.
- It follows the successful visit of India’s Chief of the Army Staff to Japan in October 2024, strengthening bilateral defense cooperation.
Objectives of Exercise Dharma Guardian:
- Improve Operational Readiness: Enhance the preparedness of both forces.
- Joint Drills: Conduct joint urban warfare and counter-terrorism drills.
- Tactical Maneuvers: Engage in tactical maneuvers to address security challenges.
- Coordination: Refine coordination strategies and build mutual trust.
Background and Significance:
- Strategic Partnership: Dharma Guardian underscores the growing strategic partnership between India and Japan.
- Regional Security: Addresses the evolving security environment in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Shared Vision: Both nations share a vision of stability and respect for international norms.
- Collective Security: Reinforces their commitment to collective security.
Cultural Exchange:
- Cultural Interactions: Promotes cultural exchanges between the participating forces.
- Understanding: Encourages understanding of each other’s traditions and values.
- Social Component: Such interactions are essential for effective collaboration.
Collaboration with Other Nations:
- Exercise Cyclone III: Simultaneously, India is conducting Exercise Cyclone III with Egypt.
- Purpose: To enhance military-to-military relationships through joint tactical drills.
- Participants: Features personnel from India’s Special Forces and Egypt’s Special Forces Group.
Long-term Benefits of Joint Exercises:
- Lasting Impact: Lessons learned will have lasting impacts.
- Bilateral Relations: Strengthen bilateral relations.
- Regional Cooperation: Enhance regional cooperation.
- Partnerships: Contribute to addressing complex challenges under the UN framework.
What is the primary focus of Exercise Dharma Guardian?
A) Maritime security operations in the Indian Ocean
B) Air combat training in the Himalayas
C) Urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations under a United Nations mandate
D) Nuclear weapon simulations
Answer and Explanation: C) Urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations under a United Nations mandate
- The text states the exercise focuses on urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations, and specifically mentions it takes place under a UN mandate.
TrailGuard AI
- Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming anti-poaching strategies in wildlife conservation.
- Recent technological advancements have led to reductions in poaching incidents.
- The Similipal Tiger Reserve in Odisha exemplifies AI’s effectiveness in wildlife protection through TrailGuard AI.
Key Facts About Similipal Tiger Reserve:
- Location: Mayurbhanj District, Odisha (northernmost part).
- Area: Covers 2750 sq.km.
- Features: Famous waterfalls (Joranda, Barehipani), part of Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve.
- Terrain: Hilly and undulating, with grasslands and forests.
History & Protection Status:
- Tiger Reserve (1973) under Project Tiger.
- Wildlife Sanctuary (1979).
- National Park proposal (1980).
- UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (2009).
About TrailGuard AI:
- Consists of 100-150 cameras equipped with an AI model.
- Function: Monitors the reserve and identifies poachers.
- Detection: Detects movement and captures images.
- Analysis: AI analyzes images for threats.
- Response: Enables wildlife officials to respond quickly to potential poaching activities.
Impact on Poaching Incidents:
- Arrests & Seizures: Facilitated the arrest of 96 poachers and seizure of over 86 firearms in the past year.
- Identification: Proved effective in identifying poachers through photo identification.
- Results: Led to successful house raids.
- Potential: Officials believe poaching could decrease by up to 80% with continued use.
Operational Mechanism:
- Power Mode: Cameras operate on a low-power mode, switching to high-power on movement detection.
- On-site Inference: Perform AI inference on-site, classifying objects.
- Image Transmission: Images deemed as threats sent to control room within 30-40 seconds.
- Enforcement: Rapid communication enables timely enforcement actions.
Collaboration with Local Communities:
- Behavioral Change: The presence of AI technology has altered the behaviour of local communities.
- Impact: Many villagers avoid entering the forest.
- Engagement: The forest department is engaging with these communities to facilitate safe access and conduct awareness programmes.
Future Prospects and Applications:
- Expansion: TrailGuard AI’s success at Similipal has prompted interest in deployment in other regions.
- Implementation: The system has been implemented in multiple states (Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh).
- Potential: Potential extends beyond anti-poaching to monitoring wildlife and managing human-wildlife conflicts.
Advantages of TrailGuard Technology:
- Design: Compact and durable.
- Battery Life: Long battery life (six months to a year).
- Cost-Effectiveness: Accessible for conservation efforts.
- Theft Prevention: Unique design minimises risk of theft.
What is the primary function of TrailGuard AI in wildlife conservation?
A) To track the migratory patterns of tigers.
B) To monitor the overall health of the forest ecosystem.
C) To identify and alert wildlife officials to potential poaching activities.
D) To facilitate the collection of scientific data on wildlife behavior.
Answer and Explanation: C) To identify and alert wildlife officials to potential poaching activities.The text highlights that TrailGuard AI’s core function is to monitor the reserve and identify potential threats, specifically poaching incidents, through image analysis and rapid communication.
Key Facts about Parambikulam Tiger Reserve
Headline & Focus: A faunal survey adds 15 new species, highlighting the rich biodiversity of the reserve. The survey highlights the vibrant biodiversity and the importance of the reserve.
Key Points:
- The survey adds 15 new species to the checklist.
- The Forest Department performed the survey.
- The survey was in the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve.
About Parambikulam Tiger Reserve:
- Location: The reserve is located in the districts of Palakkad and Thrissur in Kerala.
- Protection Status: It’s a Tiger Reserve declared under Project Tiger.
- Area: The area covers 391 sq.km.
- Rivers: The Parambikulam, Sholayar, and Thekkady rivers flow through the reserve.
- Importance: The reserve is home to four tribes.
The tribes are Kadar, Malasar, Muduvar, and Mala Malasar.
Flora: The reserve’s is home to diverse flora, including mixed deciduous, evergreen, and semi-green habitats.
It also has other habitats such as montane and marshy grasslands, along with teak plantations, supporting its rich biodiversity.
Fauna: The reserve is a host to diverse fauna.
- It hosts one of the densest gaur populations and has many mammals, including Bengal tigers, Asian elephants, and the more uncommon lion-tailed macaques.
- The reserve is home to two endemic species of the region. The two endemic species are Tomp, and Garro
- The reserve is home to the endemic species of the region.
What is the primary significance of the recent faunal survey conducted in the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve?
A) To assess the economic viability of extracting timber from the reserve.
B) To identify and document new species, highlighting the reserve’s biodiversity.
C) To evaluate the impact of tourism on the reserve’s ecosystem.
D) To determine the optimal locations for establishing new human settlements.
Answer and Explanation: B) To identify and document new species, highlighting the reserve’s biodiversity.
- The headline clearly states the focus of the survey: to add new species to the checklist, thereby highlighting the richness of the reserve’s biodiversity.
Ovoid Cells
- Key Information
- Discovery: Researchers have discovered a new type of neuron, named “ovoid cells” that plays a fundamental role in recognition memory.
- Function: Ovoid cells get activated when we encounter something new and play an important role in recognizing objects.
- Impact: This discovery could aid in understanding and treating brain disorders and memory impairments like Alzheimer’s disease, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and epilepsy.
- Additional points about Ovoid Cells:
- Location: These cells are present in the hippocampus.
- Number: The cells are present in small numbers.
- Shape: These cells’ egg-like shapes give them their name.
- Significance: The specialized neurons get activated each time we encounter something new and store the objects in the memory and allow us to recognize them months potentially years later.
- Function: They trigger a process that stores those objects in memory and allows us to recognize them months potentially even years later.
- Distinctiveness: They are distinct from other neurons in their cellular and functional levels and also in the neural circuitry.
- Neurons:
- Neurons are known as a nerve cell and are specialized cells in the nervous system.
- They play a key role in processing and transmitting information within the body.
- They are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.
What is the primary function of the newly discovered “ovoid cells”?
A) To regulate motor functions within the central nervous system
B) To play a fundamental role in recognition memory, particularly for novel objects
C) To transmit sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the brain
D) To facilitate language processing and speech comprehension
Answer and Explanation: B) To play a fundamental role in recognition memory, particularly for novel objects
- The key finding is that ovoid cells are activated when we encounter something new and are crucial for the process of recognizing objects and storing those memories.
