Category: Weekly Current Affairs & Editorials

Society History Governance Science and Technology Environment Polity Economy International Relations Geography Reports Defence Miscellaneous Nagshankar Temple Syllabus:History   Location: Nagshankar Temple is a historic Hindu shrine dedicated to Lord Shiva, located in the Biswanath district of northeastern Assam. It lies on the northern bank of the Brahmaputra River.   Historical Significance: Believed to have been originally constructed in the 4th century CE by King Narasankar of the Nagakha dynasty. The temple underwent major restoration in 1480 CE under the Ahom ruler Su-sen-pha, reflecting its continued cultural relevance across centuries.   Ecological Importance: The temple complex features a large pond that serves as a habitat for 250–300 turtles, many of which belong to some of the rarest and most endangered species   Notable species include: Black Softshell Turtle (Nilssonia nigricans) – Critically Endangered Indian Softshell Turtle (Nilssonia gangetica) Malayan Softshell Turtle (Dogania subplana) Several turtles in the pond are believed to be centuries old, underlining the site’s unique ecological heritage.   Biodiversity Beyond Turtles: The temple campus also shelters a variety of other animals including peacocks, deer, and pythons, making it a significant center for biodiversity conservation within a cultural setting.   Conservation Recognition: Due to its exceptional role in preserving critically endangered turtle species within a religious and community-supported framework, Nagshankar Temple has recently been designated as a model temple for turtle conservation. Consider the following statements regarding the Nagshankar Temple in Assam: It was originally constructed by an Ahom ruler in the 4th century CE. The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu and is situated on the southern bank of the Brahmaputra River. It has been recognized for its role in the conservation of critically endangered turtle species. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?A) 1 and 2 onlyB) 3 onlyC) 2 and 3 onlyD) 1 and 3 only Answer: B) 3 onlyExplanation: Statement 1 is incorrect – The original construction is attributed to King Narasankar of Nagakha in the 4th century CE, not an Ahom ruler. Statement 2 is incorrect – The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is located on the northern bank of the Brahmaputra. Statement 3 is correct – It is recognized for turtle conservation. Guttala Sculptural Inscription Syllabus:History A rare 16th-century sculptural inscription discovered near the Chandrashekara temple in Guttala village, Haveri district, Karnataka, offers India’s earliest known epigraphic reference to a humanitarian crisis.     Key Features: Date & Language: Dated Saka 1461 (August 18, 1539 CE), the inscription is etched in Kannada script and language on a stone slab. Disaster Recorded: It details the death of 6,307 people due to a severe drought (referred to as “bara”)—providing both the exact toll and a contemporary social response. Humanitarian Response: A local man, Marulaih Odeya, son of Nanideva Odeya, buried the deceased in baskets to earn spiritual merit for the regional ruler, Timmarasa Svami. Sculptural Representation: The stone also features a carving of Marulaih carrying a basket filled with bodies, combining visual iconography with textual epigraphy. Historical Significance: This inscription serves as a unique and early documentation of a natural disaster, highlighting not only the scale of the tragedy but also the community’s humanitarian response and administrative structure, through the mention of “seeme” (territorial unit). This find offers valuable insights into historical climate events, social resilience, and localized governance during the 16th century in South India. With reference to the 16th-century Guttala Sculptural Inscription discovered in Karnataka, consider the following statements: The inscription, dated to 1539 CE, is one of the earliest known epigraphic records of a natural disaster in India and includes both textual and sculptural depictions. It records a mass death caused by a flood, emphasizing the environmental challenges and hydraulic management failures of the Vijayanagara period. The act of burying the dead by a local individual is portrayed as a means of accruing spiritual merit on behalf of a regional ruler, indicating a linkage between social welfare and political legitimacy. The mention of “seeme” in the inscription reflects a formal administrative division under the Delhi Sultanate’s governance in southern India.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?A) 1 and 3 onlyB) 1, 2, and 4 onlyC) 1, 3, and 4 onlyD) All of the above Correct Answer: A) 1 and 3 only Explanation: Statement 1 – Correct: The inscription is dated 1539 CE and combines textual narration and sculptural representation, making it a rare and early epigraphic account of a humanitarian disaster in Indian history. Statement 2 – Incorrect: The disaster mentioned is a drought, not a flood. The term used is bara (Kannada for drought), and it led to the death of 6,307 individuals. Statement 3 – Correct: The individual, Marulaih Odeya, buried the dead to earn religious merit for the ruler Timmarasa Svami, reflecting a cultural linkage between public service and the ruler’s dharmic legitimacy. Statement 4 – Incorrect: The mention of seeme refers to a local territorial unit and has no direct connection with the Delhi Sultanate. The inscription is associated with the Vijayanagara period’s local governance structures. Veer Savarkar Syllabus: GS1/Modern History   Savarkar Jayanti (May 28) Honouring the Legacy of Veer Savarkar (1883–1966)   About Vinayak Damodar Savarkar: Revolutionary freedom fighter, writer, poet, and political thinker. Advocated for armed struggle to end British rule. Founded Abhinav Bharat (1904) while at Fergusson College, Pune. Established Free India Society in London; authored The First War of Independence on the 1857 revolt. Arrested in 1910; sentenced to 50 years in Cellular Jail, Andaman. Released in 1937; became president of Hindu Mahasabha (served ~7 years). Actively campaigned against untouchability. Dissolved Abhinav Bharat in 1951; focused on Hindu nationalist ideology.   About Hindu Mahasabha: Founded: 1915, Haridwar (Kumbh Mela) by Madan Mohan Malviya. Purpose: Counterbalance to Muslim League’s growing political influence.   Goals: Unite Hindus politically and culturally Promote Hindu religious and social causes Protect Hindu interests in governance, education, and employment With reference to the political ideology of Veer Savarkar, consider the following statements: He considered untouchability a social evil and actively worked to eradicate it.

Society History Governance Science and Technology Environment Polity Economy Intellectual Property Rights Geography Reports Defence Miscellaneous Disproportionate Burden on Women in Risk Society Syllabus: GS1/ Society   What is a Risk Society? Coined by German sociologist Ulrich Beck in his 1986 book Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. Refers to a shift from industrial society to one dominated by man-made risks—like climate change, pandemics, and technological hazards—arising from modern development. Unlike natural disasters, these risks are global, complex, and often invisible, affecting societies unequally.       Why Women Are Disproportionately Affected Environmental & Health Risks: Water collection exposes women to contaminated sources, increasing the risk of disease. Solid fuels for cooking cause indoor air pollution, leading to chronic respiratory issues. Gender norms (e.g., eating last or less) worsen women’s nutritional and health outcomes. NFHS-5 (2019–21): 57% of Indian women suffer from anaemia vs. 25% of men. Economic Vulnerability: Concentration in informal work with low job security and savings. Limited land ownership and asset access hinder disaster recovery. Lower credit access increases dependency and reduces resilience. Unpaid care work adds emotional and physical strain. Political & Institutional Exclusion: Women’s voices are often missing in policy-making, especially in disaster preparedness and climate governance. Results in gender-blind policies and missed use of women’s community knowledge.   Way Forward Gender Mainstreaming: Integrate women’s needs into all risk reduction, climate, and pandemic strategies. Economic Empowerment: Ensure land rights, financial access, and social protection schemes prioritise women. Care Infrastructure: Support unpaid care work via crèches, health insurance, and community kitchens. Inclusive Governance: Institutionalise women’s participation in disaster management and local planning bodies. Consider the following statements regarding the concept of a “Risk Society” and its gendered impacts: The term “Risk Society” was coined by Ulrich Beck in 1986 and refers to a society increasingly shaped by global, man-made risks such as climate change, pandemics, and technological hazards. Women are disproportionately affected by environmental and health risks, such as water collection from contaminated sources and indoor air pollution from solid fuels. Women’s economic vulnerability is exacerbated by higher participation in the formal labor sector, where job security and savings are guaranteed. Political and institutional exclusion of women often leads to gender-neutral policies, ignoring their unique needs in disaster preparedness and climate governance. Which of the above statements is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 onlyB. 2 and 4 onlyC. 1, 2, and 4 onlyD. 1, 2, 3, and 4 Answer: C. 1, 2, and 4 only Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Ulrich Beck’s “Risk Society” indeed describes the shift towards a society dominated by human-made, global risks such as climate change, pandemics, and technological hazards. Statement 2 is correct. Women are disproportionately affected by environmental and health risks, such as exposure to contaminated water and indoor air pollution, which are exacerbated by gendered roles (e.g., water collection and cooking). Statement 3 is incorrect. Women are more likely to be concentrated in the informal labor sector, where job security and savings are often lacking, not in the formal sector as the statement suggests. Statement 4 is correct. Women’s exclusion from decision-making results in gender-blind policies, ignoring their specific needs in the context of disaster preparedness and climate governance. Dongria Kondh Community Syllabus:Society The Dongria Kondh is a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) residing in the Niyamgiri Hills, spread across Kalahandi and Rayagada districts of Odisha.     Cultural and Spiritual Significance The term ‘Dongria’ is derived from ‘Dongar’, meaning hill, indicating their habitation in hilly terrain. They call themselves Jharnia, meaning “protectors of streams.” They follow an animistic and polytheistic belief system, where hilltops and forests are revered as sacred deities. The community worships Niyam Raja, a mythical god-king, believed to be the creator and guardian of the Niyamgiri Hills. Their art and symbols—notably triangular motifs—reflect deep reverence for the mountains and nature.   Social and Religious Structure Dongria Kondhs do not have a central political or religious authority. Each clan or village is self-governed. Religious and ceremonial roles are performed by beju (male priest) and bejuni (female priest). Distinctive tattoos, jewellery, and hairstyles mark their cultural identity. Women wear multiple rings in ears and nose; men also adorn nose rings.   Language They speak Kuyi and Kuvi, which are linguistically unrelated to Odia, the state’s official language.   Livelihood The Dongria Kondh are traditionally horticulturists, engaged primarily in: Podu cultivation (shifting agriculture), Collection of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). Their sustenance is intricately tied to the forests, slopes, and water sources of Niyamgiri.   Current Concerns The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has recently sought an Action Taken Report from the Odisha Chief Secretary, highlighting the alarming lack of basic amenities and precarious living conditions of over 10,000 Dongria Kondh families. With reference to the Dongria Kondh community, consider the following statements: They are classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) under the provisions of the Forest Rights Act, 2006. The community practices settled agriculture and avoids shifting cultivation due to ecological concerns. Their traditional religious belief revolves around worship of Niyam Raja, whom they consider the guardian of the Niyamgiri hills. The languages spoken by them, Kuyi and Kuvi, belong to the Dravidian language family and are closely related to Odia. Which of the above statements is/are correct?A. 1 and 3 onlyB. 2 and 4 onlyC. 1, 2 and 4 onlyD. 3 only  Answer:AExplanation: Statement 1 is correct – Dongria Kondhs are listed as a PVTG, though not specifically under the FRA, 2006 (but it reinforces their rights). Statement 2 is incorrect – They practice podu (shifting) cultivation, not settled agriculture. Statement 3 is correct – They worship Niyam Raja, a guardian deity of the Niyamgiri hills. Statement 4 is incorrect – Kuyi and Kuvi are Dravidian languages, but not closely related to Odia, which is Indo-Aryan. Afrikaners – Africa’s White Tribe Syllabus:Society The U.S. recently welcomed its first group of Afrikaner refugees, drawing attention to the historical and sociocultural origins of this unique community.   Who are the Afrikaners?: Afrikaners are a white ethnic

Society History Governance Science and Technology Environment Polity Economy Intellectual Property Rights Geography Reports Defence Miscellaneous Disproportionate Burden on Women in Risk Society Syllabus: GS1/ Society   What is a Risk Society? Coined by German sociologist Ulrich Beck in his 1986 book Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. Refers to a shift from industrial society to one dominated by man-made risks—like climate change, pandemics, and technological hazards—arising from modern development. Unlike natural disasters, these risks are global, complex, and often invisible, affecting societies unequally.       Why Women Are Disproportionately Affected Environmental & Health Risks: Water collection exposes women to contaminated sources, increasing the risk of disease. Solid fuels for cooking cause indoor air pollution, leading to chronic respiratory issues. Gender norms (e.g., eating last or less) worsen women’s nutritional and health outcomes. NFHS-5 (2019–21): 57% of Indian women suffer from anaemia vs. 25% of men. Economic Vulnerability: Concentration in informal work with low job security and savings. Limited land ownership and asset access hinder disaster recovery. Lower credit access increases dependency and reduces resilience. Unpaid care work adds emotional and physical strain. Political & Institutional Exclusion: Women’s voices are often missing in policy-making, especially in disaster preparedness and climate governance. Results in gender-blind policies and missed use of women’s community knowledge.   Way Forward Gender Mainstreaming: Integrate women’s needs into all risk reduction, climate, and pandemic strategies. Economic Empowerment: Ensure land rights, financial access, and social protection schemes prioritise women. Care Infrastructure: Support unpaid care work via crèches, health insurance, and community kitchens. Inclusive Governance: Institutionalise women’s participation in disaster management and local planning bodies. Consider the following statements regarding the concept of a “Risk Society” and its gendered impacts: The term “Risk Society” was coined by Ulrich Beck in 1986 and refers to a society increasingly shaped by global, man-made risks such as climate change, pandemics, and technological hazards. Women are disproportionately affected by environmental and health risks, such as water collection from contaminated sources and indoor air pollution from solid fuels. Women’s economic vulnerability is exacerbated by higher participation in the formal labor sector, where job security and savings are guaranteed. Political and institutional exclusion of women often leads to gender-neutral policies, ignoring their unique needs in disaster preparedness and climate governance. Which of the above statements is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 onlyB. 2 and 4 onlyC. 1, 2, and 4 onlyD. 1, 2, 3, and 4 Answer: C. 1, 2, and 4 only Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Ulrich Beck’s “Risk Society” indeed describes the shift towards a society dominated by human-made, global risks such as climate change, pandemics, and technological hazards. Statement 2 is correct. Women are disproportionately affected by environmental and health risks, such as exposure to contaminated water and indoor air pollution, which are exacerbated by gendered roles (e.g., water collection and cooking). Statement 3 is incorrect. Women are more likely to be concentrated in the informal labor sector, where job security and savings are often lacking, not in the formal sector as the statement suggests. Statement 4 is correct. Women’s exclusion from decision-making results in gender-blind policies, ignoring their specific needs in the context of disaster preparedness and climate governance. Dongria Kondh Community Syllabus:Society The Dongria Kondh is a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) residing in the Niyamgiri Hills, spread across Kalahandi and Rayagada districts of Odisha.     Cultural and Spiritual Significance The term ‘Dongria’ is derived from ‘Dongar’, meaning hill, indicating their habitation in hilly terrain. They call themselves Jharnia, meaning “protectors of streams.” They follow an animistic and polytheistic belief system, where hilltops and forests are revered as sacred deities. The community worships Niyam Raja, a mythical god-king, believed to be the creator and guardian of the Niyamgiri Hills. Their art and symbols—notably triangular motifs—reflect deep reverence for the mountains and nature.   Social and Religious Structure Dongria Kondhs do not have a central political or religious authority. Each clan or village is self-governed. Religious and ceremonial roles are performed by beju (male priest) and bejuni (female priest). Distinctive tattoos, jewellery, and hairstyles mark their cultural identity. Women wear multiple rings in ears and nose; men also adorn nose rings.   Language They speak Kuyi and Kuvi, which are linguistically unrelated to Odia, the state’s official language.   Livelihood The Dongria Kondh are traditionally horticulturists, engaged primarily in: Podu cultivation (shifting agriculture), Collection of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). Their sustenance is intricately tied to the forests, slopes, and water sources of Niyamgiri.   Current Concerns The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has recently sought an Action Taken Report from the Odisha Chief Secretary, highlighting the alarming lack of basic amenities and precarious living conditions of over 10,000 Dongria Kondh families. With reference to the Dongria Kondh community, consider the following statements: They are classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) under the provisions of the Forest Rights Act, 2006. The community practices settled agriculture and avoids shifting cultivation due to ecological concerns. Their traditional religious belief revolves around worship of Niyam Raja, whom they consider the guardian of the Niyamgiri hills. The languages spoken by them, Kuyi and Kuvi, belong to the Dravidian language family and are closely related to Odia. Which of the above statements is/are correct?A. 1 and 3 onlyB. 2 and 4 onlyC. 1, 2 and 4 onlyD. 3 only  Answer:AExplanation: Statement 1 is correct – Dongria Kondhs are listed as a PVTG, though not specifically under the FRA, 2006 (but it reinforces their rights). Statement 2 is incorrect – They practice podu (shifting) cultivation, not settled agriculture. Statement 3 is correct – They worship Niyam Raja, a guardian deity of the Niyamgiri hills. Statement 4 is incorrect – Kuyi and Kuvi are Dravidian languages, but not closely related to Odia, which is Indo-Aryan. Afrikaners – Africa’s White Tribe Syllabus:Society The U.S. recently welcomed its first group of Afrikaner refugees, drawing attention to the historical and sociocultural origins of this unique community.   Who are the Afrikaners?: Afrikaners are a white ethnic

Society History Governance Science and Technology Environment Polity Economy Intellectual Property Rights Geography Reports Disproportionate Burden on Women in Risk Society Syllabus: GS1/ Society   What is a Risk Society? Coined by German sociologist Ulrich Beck in his 1986 book Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. Refers to a shift from industrial society to one dominated by man-made risks—like climate change, pandemics, and technological hazards—arising from modern development. Unlike natural disasters, these risks are global, complex, and often invisible, affecting societies unequally.       Why Women Are Disproportionately Affected Environmental & Health Risks: Water collection exposes women to contaminated sources, increasing the risk of disease. Solid fuels for cooking cause indoor air pollution, leading to chronic respiratory issues. Gender norms (e.g., eating last or less) worsen women’s nutritional and health outcomes. NFHS-5 (2019–21): 57% of Indian women suffer from anaemia vs. 25% of men. Economic Vulnerability: Concentration in informal work with low job security and savings. Limited land ownership and asset access hinder disaster recovery. Lower credit access increases dependency and reduces resilience. Unpaid care work adds emotional and physical strain. Political & Institutional Exclusion: Women’s voices are often missing in policy-making, especially in disaster preparedness and climate governance. Results in gender-blind policies and missed use of women’s community knowledge.   Way Forward Gender Mainstreaming: Integrate women’s needs into all risk reduction, climate, and pandemic strategies. Economic Empowerment: Ensure land rights, financial access, and social protection schemes prioritise women. Care Infrastructure: Support unpaid care work via crèches, health insurance, and community kitchens. Inclusive Governance: Institutionalise women’s participation in disaster management and local planning bodies. Consider the following statements regarding the concept of a “Risk Society” and its gendered impacts: The term “Risk Society” was coined by Ulrich Beck in 1986 and refers to a society increasingly shaped by global, man-made risks such as climate change, pandemics, and technological hazards. Women are disproportionately affected by environmental and health risks, such as water collection from contaminated sources and indoor air pollution from solid fuels. Women’s economic vulnerability is exacerbated by higher participation in the formal labor sector, where job security and savings are guaranteed. Political and institutional exclusion of women often leads to gender-neutral policies, ignoring their unique needs in disaster preparedness and climate governance. Which of the above statements is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 onlyB. 2 and 4 onlyC. 1, 2, and 4 onlyD. 1, 2, 3, and 4 Answer: C. 1, 2, and 4 only Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Ulrich Beck’s “Risk Society” indeed describes the shift towards a society dominated by human-made, global risks such as climate change, pandemics, and technological hazards. Statement 2 is correct. Women are disproportionately affected by environmental and health risks, such as exposure to contaminated water and indoor air pollution, which are exacerbated by gendered roles (e.g., water collection and cooking). Statement 3 is incorrect. Women are more likely to be concentrated in the informal labor sector, where job security and savings are often lacking, not in the formal sector as the statement suggests. Statement 4 is correct. Women’s exclusion from decision-making results in gender-blind policies, ignoring their specific needs in the context of disaster preparedness and climate governance. Years of End of the Vietnam War Syllabus: GS1/World History Background Vietnam had been a French colony since the mid-19th century, part of French Indochina along with Laos and Cambodia. During World War II, Japan occupied Vietnam, allowing the French to retain some control. After Japan’s defeat in 1945, Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Viet Minh (League for the Independence of Vietnam), declared Vietnam’s independence. However, the French attempted to reassert control, leading to the First Indochina War.     The Vietnam War: The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, was a prolonged conflict from 1955 to 1975 between North Vietnam (Communist) and South Vietnam (anti-Communist), with significant U.S. involvement on the side of the South. North Vietnam: Led by Ho Chi Minh and the Communist Party, it was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist nations. South Vietnam: Initially led by Ngo Dinh Diem, with various leaders taking charge after multiple coups. It received support from the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand, and others.   Causes of the War Division of Vietnam: Following the First Indochina War, the 1954 Geneva Accords temporarily divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel, establishing North and South Vietnam. Cold War Tensions: The U.S. feared the spread of communism in Asia, adhering to the “Domino Theory,” which suggested that if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries might follow. Internal Conflict: The Viet Cong insurgency in South Vietnam, aligned with the Communist North, sought to reunify the country under communist rule.   Key Phases Advisory Phase (1955–1963): The U.S. provided military advisors and aid to the South Vietnamese government. The unpopular regime of Ngo Dinh Diem was overthrown in a U.S.-backed coup in 1963.   Escalation (1964–1969): The Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964) allegedly saw attacks on U.S. ships, leading to increased U.S. involvement. S. troop levels peaked at over 500,000 by 1969, with significant battles like the Tet Offensive (1968), Battle of Hue, and Khe Sanh. The use of napalm, Agent Orange, and carpet bombing provoked widespread international outrage. Withdrawal (1969–1973): Under President Richard Nixon, the U.S. pursued “Vietnamization,” training South Vietnamese forces to take over the war. U.S. forces began withdrawing, and the Paris Peace Accords were signed in 1973.   Final Collapse (1973–1975): Despite the U.S. withdrawal, fighting continued, and on April 30, 1975, North Vietnamese forces captured Saigon, marking the end of the war. Vietnam was reunified under communist control, becoming the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.   Agent Orange: Agent Orange, a potent herbicide, was used by the U.S. military during the Vietnam War as part of Operation Ranch Hand (1961–1971). This controversial chemical became one of the war’s most infamous symbols due to its severe health and environmental impacts.   Manufacturing: The production of 2,4,5-T, a component of Agent Orange, led to the creation

Governance International Relations Economy Science & Technology & Defence Environment Geography Urban Planning Awards Women & Society Reports Arts & Culture Bihar’s Mukhya Mantri Vidyut Upbhokta Sahayta Yojana Syllabus GS2/Governance The Bihar Cabinet, chaired by the Chief Minister, has approved a subsidy of ₹15,995 crore under the Mukhya Mantri Vidyut Upbhokta Sahayta Yojana for the financial year 2025-26. This allocation is ₹652 crore more than the subsidy granted in the previous year.   Mukhya Mantri Vidyut Upbhokta Sahayta Yojana: Introduced in Bihar, this scheme aims to provide significant electricity subsidies to ease the financial burden on consumers and promote fair access to power throughout the state.   The subsidy is designed to reduce the per-unit cost of electricity for consumers, and will be directly provided to the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) through the Reserve Bank of India.   The subsidy will be reflected in consumers’ monthly energy bills, covering the period from April 2025 to March 2026. This move is intended to offset the impact of rising electricity tariff rates.   Did You Know? The Government of India launched the Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (SAUBHAGYA) in October 2017, with the goal of achieving universal household electrification.   This initiative provides electricity connections to all willing un-electrified households in rural areas and to poor households in urban areas across the country.   Consider the following statements regarding the Mukhya Mantri Vidyut Upbhokta Sahayta Yojana: The scheme provides subsidies directly to consumers through the Reserve Bank of India to reduce their electricity bills. The subsidy aims to alleviate the financial burden on consumers by lowering per-unit electricity costs and is allocated for the period from April 2025 to March 2026. The subsidy under the scheme is specifically aimed at reducing the electricity tariffs for commercial consumers in Bihar. The Bihar Government has allocated ₹15,995 crore for the scheme in 2025-26, which is an increase of ₹652 crore from the previous year’s budget. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1, 2, and 4 only(b) 2, 3, and 4 only(c) 1, 3, and 4 only(d) 1, 2, 3, and 4 Answer: (a) 1, 2, and 4 onlyExplanation: Statement 1: Correct – The subsidy is provided through the Reserve Bank of India directly to the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), which helps reduce the per-unit cost for consumers. Statement 2: Correct – The subsidy will indeed be for the period from April 2025 to March 2026, aimed at reducing the per-unit electricity costs. Statement 3: Incorrect – The scheme primarily targets domestic consumers, not commercial consumers. Statement 4: Correct – The Bihar government has allocated ₹15,995 crore, which is an increase of ₹652 crore over the previous year’s allocation. Bandung Conference Syllabus: GS2/ International Relations This year marks 70 years since the historic Bandung Conference, a landmark moment in the rise of the Global South as a political force.   About the Bandung Conference (1955) Held in Bandung, Indonesia, the conference brought together 29 newly independent Asian and African nations. It aimed to confront the challenges of decolonization, assert sovereignty, and offer an alternative voice in a world dominated by Cold War superpowers. The event laid the groundwork for the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and promoted Afro-Asian solidarity through economic and cultural cooperation. It opposed colonialism, imperialism, and neocolonialism in all forms. Bandung’s Ten Principles (Dasasila Bandung) Respect for human rights and the UN Charter Sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations Equality of all races and nations Non-interference in internal affairs Right to self-defense per the UN Charter No use of collective defense to serve big power interests No aggression or use of force Peaceful settlement of disputes Promotion of mutual interests and cooperation Respect for justice and international obligations Legacy and Relevance The Bandung Conference is remembered as a powerful assertion of self-determination and dignity for post-colonial nations.Its vision continues to inspire efforts toward a just, multipolar world order in an era of global realignments. What is the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)? Definition: A group of developing countries that remained independent of Cold War power blocs. Origins: Traces back to Bandung (1955); formally established in 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Founding Leaders: Jawaharlal Nehru (India) Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt) Josip Tito (Yugoslavia) Sukarno (Indonesia) Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) Structure: No permanent secretariat or binding charter Second-largest international grouping after the United Nations Membership: 120 member countries: 53 from Africa 39 from Asia 26 from Latin America & the Caribbean 2 from Europe Includes Palestine and 17 observer states With reference to the Bandung Principles, which of the following statements is/are correct? They allowed for collective defense only under UN authorization. They prohibited any nation from using its military strength to exert influence on smaller nations. They emphasized cultural cooperation over economic cooperation among Afro-Asian countries. Select the correct answer using the code below:(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: (a)     Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: Bandung principles align with the UN Charter, allowing defense only in conformity with it. Statement 2 is correct: One of the ten principles specifically opposes the use of power to dominate smaller nations. Statement 3 is incorrect: The conference emphasized both economic and cultural cooperation, not prioritizing one over the other. World Bank: India’s Extreme Poverty Drops to 2.3% Syllabus :GS 3/Economy  According to the World Bank’s Poverty and Equity Briefs (PEBs), India has made remarkable strides in reducing extreme poverty, with the proportion of people living in extreme poverty dropping from 16% in 2011–12 to just 2.3% in 2022–23. This substantial reduction represents a major milestone in the country’s ongoing efforts to combat poverty. About the Poverty and Equity Briefs (PEBs) The Poverty and Equity Briefs (PEBs) are biannual reports published by the World Bank. These reports provide a snapshot of trends in poverty, inequality, and shared prosperity across over 100 developing countries. The PEBs are released during the Spring and Annual Meetings of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund

Polity Governance International Relations Economy Science & Technology Defence Environment Geography Security Awards Miscellaneous History & Culture Judiciary Can’t Function as Super Parliament: Vice President Syllabus:Polity Vice President’s Criticism Accused the judiciary of acting as a “super Parliament”. Criticized Article 142 of the Constitution, calling it a “nuclear missile against democratic forces”, available to the judiciary 24×7. The remarks came after the Supreme Court set a 3-month deadline for the President to act on bills pending with state governors and invoked Article 142 to deem 10 bills as approved. What is Article 142? Grants the Supreme Court the power to “pass any order necessary to do complete justice” in any pending case. Originally intended as an extraordinary provision to ensure justice in situations where the law is silent or inadequate. Example: Vishaka Guidelines (1997) – issued in the absence of sexual harassment laws, later formed the basis for the PoSH Act (2013). Concerns about Article 142 Vague Definition: The term “complete justice” is subjective and lacks a precise definition. Judicial Overreach: Allows the judiciary to potentially interfere in the domains of the legislature or executive. Violation of Separation of Powers: Risks converting judicial activism into judicial legislation. Judicial Activism vs Judicial Overreach Judicial Activism Judicial Overreach Upholds rights and ensures justice Judiciary enters legislative or executive domains Based on constitutional provisions Often seen as creating “judge-made” laws Example: Vishaka Guidelines Example: Striking down NJAC (2015) India’s Manuscripts in UNESCO Memory of the World Register Newly Added: Bhagavad Gita:Dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna, dated to the 2nd or 1st century BCE. Contains 700 verses across 18 chapters; serves as a spiritual and philosophical guide.   Natyashastra by Bharatmuni: Ancient Sanskrit treatise on drama, music, dance, and aesthetics. Regarded as the foundation of Indian performing arts, dated around the 2nd century BCE. UNESCO Memory of the World Programme Launched in 1992. Aims to preserve and promote access to documentary heritage of outstanding universal value. Other Indian Inscriptions in the Register: Rig Veda, Gilgit Manuscripts, Works of Abhinavagupta, Maitreyayvarakarana (Pala period), among others.   Global Entry: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) is also newly included in the register. Consider the following statements regarding the Vishaka Guidelines: They were issued by the Supreme Court using Article 142. They formed the basis for the PoSH Act, 2013.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?A. 1 onlyB. 2 onlyC. Both 1 and 2D. Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: C Explanation: Statement 1: “They were issued by the Supreme Court using Article 142.” – Correct The Vishaka Guidelines were laid down by the Supreme Court in 1997 in the case Vishaka & Others v. State of Rajasthan & Others, to address sexual harassment of women at the workplace. At the time, there was no legislation in India specifically dealing with workplace sexual harassment. The Supreme Court invoked Article 142 of the Constitution to formulate binding guidelines, ensuring “complete justice” in the absence of statutory law. Statement 2: “They formed the basis for the PoSH Act, 2013.” – Correct. The Vishaka Guidelines acted as a legal framework for preventing and redressing sexual harassment at workplaces for over a decade.In 2013, Parliament passed the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, commonly known as the PoSH Act, which was largely based on the Vishaka Guidelines. Years of SVAMITVA Scheme Syllabus :GS 2/Governance  Launched: April 24, 2020 (National Panchayati Raj Day) Ministry: Ministry of Panchayati Raj Objective: Provide legal ownership papers for houses and land in villages using drones and mapping technology. Facilitate access to loans, dispute resolution, and support better planning. Implementation: Led by the Survey of India Tech Partner: National Informatics Centre Services Inc. (NICSI) Budget: ₹566.23 crores (FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25, with extension to FY 2025-26) Progress: 42 Crore property cards created. 61 Lakh villages covered. Drone surveys completed in 3.20 Lakh villages. 68,122 sq. km area covered. Consider the following statements regarding the SVAMITVA (Survey of Villages and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas) scheme: Launched on April 24, 2020, by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj. Aims to provide legal ownership documents for rural properties using drone and mapping technology. Implemented solely by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj, with no involvement from state governments. As of July 2024, drone surveys have been completed in approximately 3.12 lakh villages, covering 2.03 crore property cards. Which of the above statements are correct? A) 1, 2, and 4 only B) 1, 3, and 4 only C) 2 and 4 only D) 1 and 4 only Answer: A) 1, 2, and 4 only   Explanation: Statement 1: Correct. The SVAMITVA scheme was launched on April 24, 2020, by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj on National Panchayati Raj Day.​ Statement 2: Correct. The scheme aims to provide legal ownership documents for rural properties using drone and mapping technology, facilitating access to loans and reducing property disputes.​ Statement 3: Incorrect. While the Ministry of Panchayati Raj is the nodal ministry, the implementation involves collaboration with state governments, state revenue departments, and the Survey of India.​ Statement 4: Correct. As of July 2024, drone surveys have been completed in approximately 3.12 lakh villages, and 2.03 crore property cards have been prepared in 1.30 lakh villages.   PoshanTracker Application Syllabus: GS2/ Governance The Poshan Tracker is a mobile-based, ICT-enabled application developed by the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD) under Mission Poshan 2.0. It serves as a comprehensive tool for Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) to monitor and manage maternal and child nutrition services in real time.​ Awards and Recognition In 2024, the Poshan Tracker received the National Award for e-Governance (Gold), recognizing its excellence in digital governance and innovation in public administration. ​   Key Features and Functionality Real-Time Monitoring: Enables Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) to track daily activities such as Growth Measurement, Take Home Ration (THR) distribution, and Hot Cooked Meals (HCM). Comprehensive Beneficiary Management: Manages data for pregnant women, lactating mothers, children (0-6 years), and adolescent girls, ensuring timely interventions. Data Integration: Integrates with platforms