Category: Daily Current Affairs & Editorials

Maize for Ethanol Production: Fuel vs Feed crisis Syllabus:Agriculture Context: India’s demand for maize-based ethanol has surged from 0.8 million tonnes in 2022–23 to 12.7 million tonnes in 2024–25, creating pressure on feed grain availability and triggering a food-versus-fuel debate.   Maize for Ethanol – The Shift Biofuels help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and cut emissions Maize and sugarcane are the primary feedstocks One tonne of maize yields approximately 380 litres of ethanol India is the fifth-largest ethanol producer and aims for 20 percent blending by 2025   Emerging Challenges Grain Shortage: India has moved from a surplus to a deficit in maize supply Maize prices rose sharply from ₹15,000 to ₹25,000 per tonne Feed Crisis: Livestock feed supply is strained, especially for poultry and dairy sectors Feed industries are demanding genetically modified maize imports for ethanol use Soybean Market Disruption: Distillers’ Dried Grains with Soluble (DDGS), a byproduct of ethanol, competes with soybean de-oiled cake Soybean prices have dropped below the Minimum Support Price, affecting farmer incomes   Global Lessons Mandates under the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard and European policies have previously caused food price spikes and trade disruptions during global crises   Way Forward – A Balanced Approach Implement flexible ethanol blending targets that can be adjusted during periods of food inflation Promote second- and third-generation biofuels from agricultural waste, used cooking oil, and biomass Allow duty-free imports of genetically modified maize exclusively for ethanol, with safeguards Ensure feed security through buffer stocks and support for alternative proteins Protect farmer interests by enforcing MSPs and supporting crop diversification and direct income transfers   Conclusion: India’s clean energy goals through ethanol must be carefully aligned with national food and feed security. A research-driven, flexible policy focused on advanced biofuels is essential for sustainable agricultural and energy development. Consider the following statements regarding the use of maize for ethanol production in India: One tonne of maize yields less ethanol than sugarcane on average. The DDGS byproduct from ethanol production is a complete substitute for maize in animal feed. India became a net importer of maize after ethanol blending targets were raised. Ethanol production from maize does not affect soybean markets directly. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 and 3 onlyB. 2 and 4 onlyC. 3 onlyD. 1, 2 and 4 only Answer:CExplanation: Statement 1 is incorrect: One tonne of maize yields around 380 litres of ethanol, but sugarcane ethanol yield is not directly comparable due to differences in processing and sucrose content. Statement 2 is incorrect: DDGS is a partial, not full, substitute for maize feed. Statement 3 is correct: Maize diversion to ethanol led India to become a net importer. Statement 4 is incorrect: DDGS has undercut soy DOC prices, directly impacting soybean markets Vikramaditya I of Badami Chalukyas Syllabus:History    Context: A 7th-century inscription in Old Kannada, dating to the reign of Vikramaditya I of the Badami Chalukyas, was recently discovered near Madapura Lake in Davangere, Karnataka.The inscription offers valuable insights into the fiscal system, land grants, and local governance structures during his rule. Badami Chalukyas: A Historical Overview Origins and Legitimacy: Emerged as a native Kannada power in the Deccan Claimed descent from Ayodhya to enhance dynastic legitimacy Capital:Vatapi (modern-day Badami) in Karnataka Key Rulers and Political History: Pulakesin I (543–566 CE): Founded the dynasty Fortified Vatapi as the capital Pulakesin II (609–642 CE): Most celebrated ruler Defeated Harshavardhana at the Narmada Established diplomatic ties with Sassanid Persia, depicted in Ajanta murals Vikramaditya I (644–681 CE): Son of Pulakesin II Reclaimed Vatapi from the Pallavas after his father’s defeat Consolidated control over southern kingdoms including Cholas, Pandyas, and Keralas Administrative and Military Contributions Political Reorganisation: Restored centralized authority after a period of decline Appointed trusted feudatories (e.g., Singhavenna) to govern regions (as revealed by recent inscription) Military Successes: Defeated Narasimhavarman I of the Pallavas Reunified the Chalukya empire Strengthened maritime capability—Pulakesin II reportedly maintained a fleet of 100 ships Fiscal Policies: Revenue relied more on military expansion than intensive agriculture Land grants and taxation formed key components of governance Religion and Culture Religious Patronage: Supported Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism, and Jainism Donations made to Jain institutions Pulakesin I performed Ashvamedha Yajna, asserting imperial authority Art and Architecture: Pioneered the Vesara style, blending Nagara and Dravida elements Built notable rock-cut and structural temples at Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal Set the architectural foundation later expanded under Vikramaditya II and Kirtivarman Legacy of Vikramaditya I Regarded as “Rajamalla” and “Yuddhamalla” (Warrior among Kings) His reign marked a revival of Chalukya dominance after internal strife and external invasions Laid the groundwork for the cultural and architectural flourishing of the later Chalukyas With reference to the Badami Chalukyas, consider the following statements: Pulakesin II sent diplomatic envoys to the Roman Empire, which is depicted in the murals of Ellora caves. Vikramaditya I successfully defeated Narasimhavarman I and recaptured Vatapi. The Chalukyas primarily followed Shaivism and discouraged Jain patronage. The Vesara style of temple architecture emerged during the Badami Chalukya period. Which of the above statements is/are correct?A. 1 and 2 onlyB. 2 and 4 onlyC. 1, 2 and 3 onlyD. 2, 3 and 4 only Answer:BExplanation: Statement 1 is incorrect – The Chalukyas sent envoys to Persia (Sassanid Empire), not Rome, and it is depicted in Ajanta, not Ellora. Statement 2 is correct – Vikramaditya I defeated Narasimhavarman I and reclaimed Vatapi. Statement 3 is incorrect – They patronized multiple religions, including Jainism. Statement 4 is correct – Vesara style originated under the Badami Chalukyas. Unique Identification Authority of India Syllabus:Polity   Context: The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), in collaboration with the National Informatics Centre (NIC) and National Testing Agency (NTA), conducted a successful Proof of Concept (PoC) for face authentication using Aadhaar during NEET-UG 2025. The initiative aims to enhance examination security and eliminate impersonation. What is Aadhaar-Based Face Authentication? A biometric verification process that uses facial recognition linked to an individual’s Aadhaar profile for real-time authentication. Piloted during NEET-UG 2025 at select centres in Delhi.

Western Disturbance Syllabus:Geography                Context A strong Western Disturbance (WD) recently triggered widespread heavy rainfall, storms, hail, and flooding across Delhi and parts of North and South India, disrupting aviation and infrastructure. This event underscores the growing impact of climate change on India’s synoptic weather systems. What Are Western Disturbances? Definition: WDs are eastward-moving extra-tropical weather systems that originate over the Mediterranean, Caspian, and Black Seas. Mechanism: They form due to interactions between polar and tropical air masses and are carried into India via the subtropical westerly jet stream. Nature: These systems are embedded in high-altitude winds and are often associated with low-pressure areas, bringing rain and snow, particularly during winter. Impact on Indian Weather Winter Precipitation: Primary source of rainfall and snow in North India, vital for Rabi crops in Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh. Moderation of Heatwaves: Frequent WDs help reduce pre-monsoon heat intensity. Extreme Weather Events: Increasingly trigger hailstorms, flash floods, and landslides across Himalayan and central regions. Disruption of Urban Life: Lead to flight delays, waterlogging, and urban flooding, notably in Delhi. Monsoon Interference: Overlapping WDs disrupt monsoon timing and amplify precipitation variability. Climate Change and Shifting WD Dynamics Rising Frequency & Intensity: Notable surge in WDs, especially in March–April 2025, extending into May–July, well beyond their typical December–March window. Jet Stream Intensification: Strengthening of the subtropical westerly jet stream has widened WD pathways, causing greater meridional (north-south) oscillations. Arabian Sea Warming: Rising Sea Surface Temperatures (1.2°C–1.4°C) increase atmospheric moisture, enhancing rainfall intensity and flood risk. More Extremes in 2025: IMD reported WD-induced hailstorms in Bihar, Himachal, Vidarbha, and flooding in Telangana and Delhi—a stark indicator of changing WD characteristics. Policy Implications & Way Forward Advanced Forecasting: Invest in AI-enabled models, satellite tracking, and radar infrastructure to improve WD prediction accuracy. Urban Resilience: Develop city-specific WD mitigation plans, including stormwater drainage upgrades and real-time alert systems. Agro-Adaptation: Align sowing calendars and crop insurance with WD behaviour forecasts to safeguard food security. Research & Modeling: Promote cross-disciplinary research on WD dynamics and integrate findings into national and state-level climate strategies. Regional Cooperation: Collaborate with countries in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region for transboundary weather risk management. Conclusion Western Disturbances, once winter phenomena, have transformed into year-round climate disruptors. Intensified by global warming, they now overlap with monsoon systems, drive extreme weather, and complicate India’s weather predictability. A science-based, climate-resilient policy framework backed by regional collaboration and inter-state coordination is imperative to mitigate future risks. Which of the following statements about Western Disturbances (WDs) is/are correct? WDs are extratropical cyclones originating from the Mediterranean, Caspian, and Black Seas. They primarily affect the Indian subcontinent during the monsoon season. The frequency and intensity of WDs have remained constant over the past century. Select the correct answer using the code below: a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 only c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2, and 3 Answer: a) 1 only Explanation: WDs are extratropical cyclones originating from the Mediterranean, Caspian, and Black Seas, bringing moisture to the Indian subcontinent. They primarily affect the region during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons, not the monsoon season. Studies have shown that the frequency and intensity of WDs have been influenced by climate change, leading to alterations in their patterns. Parliamentary Oversight in India Syllabus: Indian Polity and Governance – Parliament and State Legislatures   Context: India’s adoption of a parliamentary system was meant to ensure daily executive accountability. However, recent developments indicate an erosion in Parliament’s oversight function, with increasing disruptions, underutilised committees, and a near-absence of post-legislative review mechanisms.   Understanding Parliamentary Oversight Definition:Parliamentary oversight refers to the continuous monitoring and evaluation of executive actions by the legislature. It ensures transparency, accountability, and responsiveness in governance.   Constitutional Basis: Article 75: The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. Oversight Instruments: Include Question Hour, Zero Hour, debates, motions (adjournment, no-confidence), and Parliamentary Committee reports. B.R. Ambedkar’s Vision:Described parliamentary democracy as a system of “more responsibility, less stability,” highlighting the need for constant executive accountability through legislative scrutiny.   Key Challenges Undermining Oversight Disruption of Question Hour In the 17th Lok Sabha, only 60% of Question Hour functioned; Rajya Sabha fared worse at 52%. Example: The 2021 Pegasus spyware controversy saw repeated disruptions, preventing targeted questions.   Ineffective Utilisation of Committees Standing Committees produce detailed reports, but these are rarely discussed in Parliament. Annual membership rotation weakens domain continuity and expertise. Example: The 2021 Environment Committee’s report on Delhi’s pollution lacked follow-up debate or action.   Absence of Post-Legislative Scrutiny (PLS) India lacks a structured mechanism to evaluate laws after enactment. Example: The Companies (Amendment) Act, 2013, aimed at compliance simplification, led to a spike in prosecutions due to poor review.   Reforms for Enhanced Oversight Institutionalise Post-Legislative Scrutiny UK Model: Mandates law implementation reviews 3–5 years post-enactment. India Proposal: Each Department-Related Standing Committee (DRSC) should periodically review major laws like IBC or NEP. Revamp Committee Functioning Translate reports into regional languages and use infographics for wider public understanding. Mandate floor discussions on selected committee reports. Equip committees with technical staff and data analysts. Example: The S. Congressional Research Service (CRS) provides bipartisan policy support — India lacks a comparable body. Leverage Digital Tools and AI Deploy AI to track budget anomalies, audit flags, and scheme implementation failures. Example: AI could have identified early irregularities in PM-Kisan, where ineligible farmers received benefits.   Way Forward Parliamentary Modernisation Mission: Invest in digital infrastructure, multilingual dissemination, and a non-partisan research wing. Cross-party Consensus: Ensure functional sittings during Question Hour and legislative debates. Citizen Engagement: Introduce public consultation mechanisms on bills and reports. Expand Oversight to States: Encourage state legislatures to adopt Standing Committees for federal accountability.   Conclusion As former President R. Narayanan asserted in 1993, “Oversight is not to criticise but to strengthen governance.” Revitalising the oversight role of Parliament is crucial to uphold constitutional checks, restore public trust, and ensure that governance remains accountable, participative, and transparent. Which of the

NITI Aayog Releases Report on “Enhancing Competitiveness of MSMEs in India Syllabus:Reports   NITI Aayog, in collaboration with the Institute for Competitiveness (IFC), has released a comprehensive report titled “Enhancing MSMEs Competitiveness in India”. The report offers a roadmap to unlock the potential of India’s Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through systemic reforms in financing, skilling, innovation, and market access.   Key Highlights: Credit Access: Formal credit access improved between 2020 and 2024 — from 14% to 20% for micro and small enterprises, and from 4% to 9% for medium enterprises. However, a significant credit gap of ₹80 lakh crore persists. The report calls for revamping the Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) with better institutional collaboration. Skill & Innovation Deficit: A large section of MSME workers lack formal technical or vocational training, limiting productivity and scalability. Investment in R&D and innovation remains low, weakening global competitiveness. Technology Adoption Challenges: Barriers include unreliable power, weak internet connectivity, and high costs. Many MSMEs are unaware of or unable to access government schemes aimed at technological support. Cluster Analysis: Upgrading outdated technologies and strengthening branding and marketing capacities are key to improving competitiveness. Policy Gaps: While multiple national and state-level MSME support policies exist, low awareness and weak implementation dilute impact. The report recommends better monitoring, data integration, and stakeholder engagement.   Way Forward: The report emphasizes the need for state-level, cluster-based policies, enhanced digital marketing and logistics support, and improved market linkages, particularly in high-growth regions like eastern and northeastern India. Strengthening institutional frameworks and boosting awareness are crucial to driving inclusive and sustainable growth in the MSME sector. With reference to the recent report titled “Enhancing MSMEs Competitiveness in India”, released by NITI Aayog in collaboration with the Institute for Competitiveness (IFC), consider the following statements: The report identifies the textile and chemical sectors among the four primary MSME sectors analyzed for competitiveness. The Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) currently covers more than 80% of the formal credit demand of the MSME sector. The report finds that the lack of awareness about state-level schemes is a major constraint in technology adoption by MSMEs. The National Skill Qualification Framework (NSQF) was identified as a major success factor for MSME skilling programs across all sectors. Which of the above statements is/are correct? A. 1 and 3 onlyB. 2 and 4 onlyC. 1, 3, and 4 onlyD. 1, 2, and 4 only Answer: A. 1 and 3 only Explanation: Statement 1: Correct. The report focuses on four sectors: textiles and apparel, chemical products, automotive, and food processing. Statement 2: Incorrect. The CGTMSE, while expanded, still leaves a large credit gap. Only about 19% of credit demand was met formally as of FY21. Statement 3: Correct. The report highlights that lack of awareness and accessibility to state government schemes is a barrier to technology adoption. Statement 4: Incorrect. NSQF is not cited in the report as a major driver; instead, the report flags gaps in vocational and technical training. India and Denmark signs renewed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) today Syllabus:IR   India and Denmark have deepened their collaboration in the energy sector by signing a renewed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) aimed at accelerating the clean energy transition and supporting India’s target of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. The MoU was signed by Shri Pankaj Agarwal, Secretary, Ministry of Power, and E. Mr. Rasmus Abildgaard Kristensen, Ambassador of Denmark to India, in the presence of Shri Manohar Lal, Minister of Power and Housing & Urban Affairs. This renewed agreement builds on five years of successful cooperation under the original MoU signed on June 5, 2020, which was set to expire in June 2025. The updated agreement expands the scope of partnership to include advanced energy domains such as:   Power system modeling Integration of variable renewable energy Cross-border electricity trading   Development of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure It also strengthens institutional cooperation through expert exchanges, joint training programs, and study tours. Minister Manohar Lal emphasized that this renewed cooperation reaffirms the shared vision of India and Denmark to promote sustainable development and green energy solutions through innovation and technological collaboration. Which of the following statements regarding the India–Denmark energy cooperation MoU (2025) is/are correct? It supports India’s commitment to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. The renewed MoU expands cooperation to include power system modeling and EV infrastructure. The original MoU was signed in 2020 and was valid for a period of five years. Select the correct answer using the code below: 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Answer: B Explanation: India’s net-zero target is by 2070, not 2050. The rest are correct. short explanation. India’s net-zero emissions target is set for 2070, not 2050. However, the MoU does include cooperation on power system modeling and EV infrastructure, and the original agreement was signed in 2020 for five years, making statements 2 and 3 correct. GAME and NITI Aayog join hands to catalyse healthy entrepreneurship ecosystems across India Syllabus:Environment NITI Aayog and the Global Alliance for Mass Entrepreneurship (GAME) have joined forces in a strategic partnership aimed at fostering dynamic entrepreneurship ecosystems across multiple Indian states. The initiative will begin with pilot projects in Nagpur, Visakhapatnam, and parts of Uttar Pradesh, focusing on place-based interventions tailored to the unique needs of each region. The collaboration brings together key local stakeholders — including government agencies, corporates, educational institutions, financial entities, experienced entrepreneurs, and community-based organisations — to support local entrepreneurs through targeted, community-driven approaches. The objective is to create self-sustaining ecosystems that promote entrepreneurship as a vehicle for economic growth and job creation. Speaking on the partnership, Ishtiyaque Ahmed, Programme Director for Industry/MSME at NITI Aayog, emphasized the need for bottom-up engagement, working closely with grassroots entrepreneurs to understand and address their specific challenges. GAME’s proven methodologies will guide the pilot interventions, covering areas such as access to finance, capacity building, policy support, and community

Disproportionate Burden on Women in Risk Society Syllabus: GS1/ Society   What is a Risk Society? Coined by German sociologist Ulrich Beck in his 1986 book Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. Refers to a shift from industrial society to one dominated by man-made risks—like climate change, pandemics, and technological hazards—arising from modern development. Unlike natural disasters, these risks are global, complex, and often invisible, affecting societies unequally.       Why Women Are Disproportionately Affected Environmental & Health Risks: Water collection exposes women to contaminated sources, increasing the risk of disease. Solid fuels for cooking cause indoor air pollution, leading to chronic respiratory issues. Gender norms (e.g., eating last or less) worsen women’s nutritional and health outcomes. NFHS-5 (2019–21): 57% of Indian women suffer from anaemia vs. 25% of men. Economic Vulnerability: Concentration in informal work with low job security and savings. Limited land ownership and asset access hinder disaster recovery. Lower credit access increases dependency and reduces resilience. Unpaid care work adds emotional and physical strain. Political & Institutional Exclusion: Women’s voices are often missing in policy-making, especially in disaster preparedness and climate governance. Results in gender-blind policies and missed use of women’s community knowledge.   Way Forward Gender Mainstreaming: Integrate women’s needs into all risk reduction, climate, and pandemic strategies. Economic Empowerment: Ensure land rights, financial access, and social protection schemes prioritise women. Care Infrastructure: Support unpaid care work via crèches, health insurance, and community kitchens. Inclusive Governance: Institutionalise women’s participation in disaster management and local planning bodies. Consider the following statements regarding the concept of a “Risk Society” and its gendered impacts: The term “Risk Society” was coined by Ulrich Beck in 1986 and refers to a society increasingly shaped by global, man-made risks such as climate change, pandemics, and technological hazards. Women are disproportionately affected by environmental and health risks, such as water collection from contaminated sources and indoor air pollution from solid fuels. Women’s economic vulnerability is exacerbated by higher participation in the formal labor sector, where job security and savings are guaranteed. Political and institutional exclusion of women often leads to gender-neutral policies, ignoring their unique needs in disaster preparedness and climate governance. Which of the above statements is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 onlyB. 2 and 4 onlyC. 1, 2, and 4 onlyD. 1, 2, 3, and 4 Answer: C. 1, 2, and 4 only Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. Ulrich Beck’s “Risk Society” indeed describes the shift towards a society dominated by human-made, global risks such as climate change, pandemics, and technological hazards. Statement 2 is correct. Women are disproportionately affected by environmental and health risks, such as exposure to contaminated water and indoor air pollution, which are exacerbated by gendered roles (e.g., water collection and cooking). Statement 3 is incorrect. Women are more likely to be concentrated in the informal labor sector, where job security and savings are often lacking, not in the formal sector as the statement suggests. Statement 4 is correct. Women’s exclusion from decision-making results in gender-blind policies, ignoring their specific needs in the context of disaster preparedness and climate governance. Years of End of the Vietnam War Syllabus: GS1/World History Background Vietnam had been a French colony since the mid-19th century, part of French Indochina along with Laos and Cambodia. During World War II, Japan occupied Vietnam, allowing the French to retain some control. After Japan’s defeat in 1945, Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Viet Minh (League for the Independence of Vietnam), declared Vietnam’s independence. However, the French attempted to reassert control, leading to the First Indochina War.     The Vietnam War: The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, was a prolonged conflict from 1955 to 1975 between North Vietnam (Communist) and South Vietnam (anti-Communist), with significant U.S. involvement on the side of the South. North Vietnam: Led by Ho Chi Minh and the Communist Party, it was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist nations. South Vietnam: Initially led by Ngo Dinh Diem, with various leaders taking charge after multiple coups. It received support from the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand, and others.   Causes of the War Division of Vietnam: Following the First Indochina War, the 1954 Geneva Accords temporarily divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel, establishing North and South Vietnam. Cold War Tensions: The U.S. feared the spread of communism in Asia, adhering to the “Domino Theory,” which suggested that if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries might follow. Internal Conflict: The Viet Cong insurgency in South Vietnam, aligned with the Communist North, sought to reunify the country under communist rule.   Key Phases Advisory Phase (1955–1963): The U.S. provided military advisors and aid to the South Vietnamese government. The unpopular regime of Ngo Dinh Diem was overthrown in a U.S.-backed coup in 1963.   Escalation (1964–1969): The Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964) allegedly saw attacks on U.S. ships, leading to increased U.S. involvement. S. troop levels peaked at over 500,000 by 1969, with significant battles like the Tet Offensive (1968), Battle of Hue, and Khe Sanh. The use of napalm, Agent Orange, and carpet bombing provoked widespread international outrage. Withdrawal (1969–1973): Under President Richard Nixon, the U.S. pursued “Vietnamization,” training South Vietnamese forces to take over the war. U.S. forces began withdrawing, and the Paris Peace Accords were signed in 1973.   Final Collapse (1973–1975): Despite the U.S. withdrawal, fighting continued, and on April 30, 1975, North Vietnamese forces captured Saigon, marking the end of the war. Vietnam was reunified under communist control, becoming the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.   Agent Orange: Agent Orange, a potent herbicide, was used by the U.S. military during the Vietnam War as part of Operation Ranch Hand (1961–1971). This controversial chemical became one of the war’s most infamous symbols due to its severe health and environmental impacts.   Manufacturing: The production of 2,4,5-T, a component of Agent Orange, led to the creation of TCDD, a highly toxic dioxin. Purpose: The U.S. military used Agent Orange to

Cabinet Hikes Sugarcane Price for 2025–26 Season Syllabus:Polity   Why in the News: The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has approved the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane for the 2025–26 sugar season at ₹355 per quintal, ensuring financial stability for sugarcane farmers and workers in the agro-based sugar sector. Key Highlights: FRP fixed at ₹355/qtl for a basic recovery rate of 10.25%. Premium of ₹3.46/qtl for every 0.1% increase in recovery. Deduction of ₹3.46/qtl for every 0.1% decrease below 10.25%. Minimum price of ₹329.05/qtl guaranteed for mills with recovery below 9.5%. Estimated cost of production is ₹173/qtl (A2 + FL basis), making the FRP 105.2% above cost.     This represents a 4.41% increase over the 2024–25 FRP. Beneficiaries: Around 5 crore sugarcane farmers and their dependents, 5 lakh sugar mill workers, and thousands involved in ancillary services such as logistics and labor. Implementation: Effective from October 1, 2025. Payment Status: For the 2023–24 season, ₹1,11,703 crore (99.92%) of dues have been cleared. For the 2024–25 season (as of April 28, 2025), ₹85,094 crore (87%) has been paid out of ₹97,270 crore. FRP Determination Basis: The approved FRP is based on recommendations from the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) and consultations with State Governments and key stakeholders. Consider the following statements regarding the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane for the 2025–26 season: The FRP of ₹355/qtl is based on a recovery rate of 10.5%. No deduction is applied to mills with a recovery rate below 9.5%. The FRP is more than double the estimated cost of production as per A2+FL. Which of the above statements is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3 Answer: C Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect (recovery rate is 10.25%, not 10.5%). Statement 2 is correct (no deductions below 9.5%). Statement 3 is correct (₹355 vs ₹173 ≈ 105.2% above cost). Top 10 Wealthiest Families in Asia 2025 Revealed by Bloomberg Syllabus:Economy   Asia’s Richest Families 2025 – Bloomberg Rankings Why in the News:Bloomberg has released its 2025 list of the Top 20 Wealthiest Families in Asia, highlighting enduring business legacies and multi-generational wealth. The Ambani family of India leads the list with a wealth of $90.5 billion, reaffirming India’s prominence in the region’s family-owned corporate landscape.   Background / Context: Asia has long been home to powerful family-run conglomerates that continue to influence regional and global markets. Bloomberg’s 2025 list focuses exclusively on dynasties that have passed on wealth across generations, excluding first-generation billionaires. In India, this highlights the resilience and global reach of legacy business houses such as Reliance, Aditya Birla Group, and Bajaj.   Key Information: Aspect Details List Name Asia’s Richest Families 2025 Released By Bloomberg Release Date January 31, 2025 Geographic Focus Asia (India, Thailand, Indonesia, etc.) Special Note 6 Indian families featured in Top 20   Significance: Highlights inter-generational wealth creation and sustainability Showcases the economic influence of legacy family businesses Reflects India’s entrepreneurial tradition and corporate continuity Offers insight into sectoral dominance by family-led enterprises   Top 10 Wealthiest Families in Asia (2025) Rank Family Name Company Wealth Country Generations 1 Ambani Reliance Industries $90.5B India 3 2 Chearavanont Charoen Pokphand Group $42.6B Thailand 4 3 Hartono Djarum, Bank Central Asia $42.2B Indonesia 3 4 Mistry Shapoorji Pallonji Group $37.5B India 5 5 Kwok Sun Hung Kai Properties $35.6B Hong Kong 3 6 Tsai Cathay Financial, Fubon Financial $30.9B Taiwan 3 7 Jindal OP Jindal Group $28.1B India 3 8 Yoovidhya TCP Group (Red Bull) $25.7B Thailand 2 9 Birla Aditya Birla Group $23.0B India 7 10 Lee Samsung $22.7B South Korea 3   Indian Families in the Top 20 – 2025 Rank (Asia) Family Company Wealth (USD) Industry Generations 1 Ambani Reliance Industries $90.5B Conglomerate 3 4 Mistry Shapoorji Pallonji Group $37.5B Conglomerate 5 7 Jindal OP Jindal Group $28.1B Industrial 3 9 Birla Aditya Birla Group $23.0B Conglomerate 7 13 Bajaj Bajaj Group $20.1B Conglomerate 4 18 Hinduja Hinduja Group $15.2B Finance, Property 4 Consider the following statements regarding Bloomberg’s 2025 list of Asia’s Richest Families: The list includes only first-generation billionaire entrepreneurs. The Ambani family is the only Indian family in the top 5. The Birla family, with 7 generations, is the oldest Indian business dynasty in the top 20. Which of the above statements is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 onlyB. 2 and 3 onlyC. 3 onlyD. 1, 2 and 3 Answer:BExplanation: Statement 1 is incorrect (Bloomberg excludes first-generation billionaires). Statement 2 is correct (only Ambani ranks in the top 5 among Indian families). Statement 3 is correct (Birla is 7 generations strong, the oldest in the Indian list). National Archives Acquires Syllabus:Polity The National Archives of India (NAI) has recently acquired the private papers of former President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, which include a range of personal and official materials such as his lectures, original photographs, Aadhaar card, passport, and other significant documents.   About the National Archives of India (NAI) Established: 1891 in Calcutta (then Imperial Records Department). Current Headquarters: New Delhi Administrative Control: Operates under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Regional Presence: Offices in Bhopal, and record centres in Bhubaneswar, Jaipur, and Puducherry. Significance: It is the largest archival repository in South Asia, serving as the custodian of public and private records of enduring value. Collections: Includes public records, private papers, oriental manuscripts, maps, and microfilms. Oversight Authority: The Director General of Archives implements the Public Records Act, 1993 and associated rules for management and preservation of government records.   About Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (1931–2015) Birthplace: Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu Profession: Renowned aeronautical engineer, scientist, and visionary leader   Major Contributions: At ISRO: Project Director for SLV-III, which launched India’s first satellite Rohini in 1980. At DRDO: Led the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) — key projects included Agni, Prithvi, and contributions to India’s nuclear tests (Pokhran-II). Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India (1999–2001). Academic

Role in a Risk Society: Women and the Unequal Burden Syllabus: Women and Society Ulrich Beck’s concept of the “risk society” underscores how modern crises—driven by technological advancement and environmental change—generate global risks that disproportionately affect women, particularly in developing countries. A risk society represents a stage of modernity in which manufactured risks, created through human activity, surpass natural threats in shaping daily life. Unlike earlier societies that managed localized, natural dangers such as famines or plagues, today’s world faces unpredictable and far-reaching hazards, many of which are unintended consequences of industrial and technological progress. Key features of a risk society include reflexive modernization, where societies must constantly adapt to the challenges generated by earlier innovations. These modern risks are global in nature—such as pandemics, nuclear accidents, and climate change—that transcend national boundaries. Furthermore, these risks are marked by unpredictability, making them difficult to foresee and even harder to control.      The evolution of risk can be understood through three distinct historical phases. In the pre-industrial society, risks were local and natural, typically managed through traditional practices and community-based responses. The industrial society introduced urbanization and technological growth, which led to new risks such as pollution and the overexploitation of natural resources. In today’s risk society, human activities are the main source of hazards, ranging from nuclear disasters to large-scale climate events, demanding collective global action and systemic change. Risks can be categorized into two types: natural and manufactured. Natural risks arise from environmental phenomena, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which affected millions. Manufactured risks are a product of human decisions and technology, exemplified by the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster, which had long-term health and environmental consequences. Within this risk society, women bear a disproportionate burden. Their traditional roles, particularly in domestic and caregiving settings, expose them to health risks such as indoor air pollution from biomass cooking fuels and contaminated water sources. The UNDP reports that women are 14 times more likely to die in climate-related disasters due to factors such as restricted mobility, caregiving responsibilities, and lack of access to early warning systems. In terms of livelihoods, women—who make up 43% of India’s rural agricultural workforce according to FAO 2023—are often the first to suffer when environmental challenges like droughts or floods damage crops and reduce income. Post-disaster recovery relies heavily on women for caregiving, food preparation, and health care—tasks that are unpaid and unrecognized. Moreover, as climate change worsens water and food scarcity, women are often forced to travel longer distances for basic resources and may receive less food during shortages. To address these challenges, several policy measures are recommended. Gender-disaggregated disaster data systems should be mandated to enable targeted, gender-sensitive risk management. Community-led resource management must be encouraged, empowering women to lead initiatives in water conservation, seed preservation, and sustainable agriculture. Climate-resilient social protection programs—like MGNREGA—should be expanded to provide immediate support to women-headed households after disasters. Financial reforms are also essential, with increased access to microfinance and insurance enabling rural women to rebuild their livelihoods. Finally, inclusive governance is crucial, with mandatory quotas for women’s representation in local climate adaptation bodies and Panchayati Raj institutions that oversee natural resource management. In conclusion, the concept of a risk society reveals not only the growing complexity of modern hazards but also the systemic gender inequalities that deepen their impact. Ensuring gender equity in risk response and governance is critical to building a resilient and just future for all. Consider the following statements regarding the impact of a risk society on gender dynamics in developing countries: Women are less affected by modern risks due to their limited participation in industrial work. Women face higher mortality during disasters due to restricted mobility and caregiving roles. Environmental degradation disproportionately affects women involved in agriculture and household care.   Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 onlyB. 2 and 3 onlyC. 1 and 3 onlyD. 1, 2, and 3 Answer: B Explanation:Statement 1 is incorrect. Although women may not dominate industrial labor, they are disproportionately vulnerable to the consequences of modern risks due to structural inequalities, care responsibilities, and exposure to environmental hazards. Statements 2 and 3 are correct and supported by UNDP and FAO data, highlighting women’s greater vulnerability during disasters and higher livelihood dependence on natural resources. SIPRI Report on Military Expenditure Syllabus:Reports According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) report titled ‘Trends in World Military Expenditure 2024’, India’s military expenditure reached $86.1 billion, marking a 1.6% increase from the previous year and positioning India as the fifth-largest military spender globally. This amount is nearly nine times greater than Pakistan’s defense budget of $10.2 billion, highlighting a significant regional disparity and reinforcing India’s strategic posture in South Asia.     Globally, India follows the United States, China, Russia, and Germany in terms of defense spending. Together, these top five nations accounted for 60% of the world’s total military expenditure, illustrating a concentration of military capabilities among a few powers. In the regional context, both India and China emerged as key drivers of military expenditure growth in Asia and Oceania, reflecting their expanding strategic interests and evolving security concerns. India’s defense strategy continues to emphasize domestic capability enhancement, with 75% of its capital outlay earmarked for indigenous defense production. This represents 22% of the overall military budget and aligns with the government’s broader Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative aimed at achieving self-reliance in critical defense manufacturing. However, despite this push for indigenization, India remains reliant on foreign imports for advanced platforms and technologies, particularly in areas like combat aircraft, precision weaponry, and defense electronics. Strategically, India’s increased military spending underscores its ambition to serve as a key security provider in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly in light of ongoing tensions with neighboring China and Pakistan. The rise in expenditure is not only a response to conventional security threats but also an effort to assert influence in a rapidly shifting geopolitical environment, reinforcing India’s role in regional and global security architecture. Consider the

India’s Claim Over Continental Shelf in Arabian Sea Syllabus: GS1/Geography; GS2/Global Groupings & Agreements Strategic Expansion: India has expanded its claim in the Central Arabian Sea, adding nearly 10,000 sq. km to its Extended Continental Shelf (ECS), reinforcing its maritime footprint.       What is the Continental Shelf? Defined under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) A submerged extension of a nation’s landmass, reaching from the coast to the deep ocean Grants nations sovereign rights to explore and exploit seabed resources like oil, gas, and minerals India’s Latest Move Led by NCPOR (Goa), the new claim could bring India’s seabed area close to its land area of 3.274 million sq. km Modified Strategy: In response to Pakistan’s objections, India made partial submissions, securing undisputed areas and deferring contentious zones for bilateral resolution   Understanding EEZ and ECS EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone): Extends 200 nautical miles from the coast; exclusive rights to fishing and seabed resource extraction ECS: Area beyond the EEZ; requires scientific proof to be claimed under UNCLOS, reviewed by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS)   Claiming the ECS: The UNCLOS Process Scientific Surveys: Geological, bathymetric, and sediment data Submission to CLCS: Technical data and boundary maps CLCS Review: Recommends changes or approves claims Resolving Overlaps: Through negotiations with neighboring countries Final Rights: Accepted claims grant rights to seabed resources   Geopolitical Considerations Pakistan: Opposed claims near Sir Creek; led to India’s modified strategy Oman: Overlapping ECS resolved via 2010 agreement Myanmar & Sri Lanka: Challenging India’s ECS in the Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean (approx. 300,000 sq. km) To justify an ECS claim under UNCLOS, which combination of the following is required? Morphological and geological evidence of continental margin continuity Ocean current velocity profiles across the ECS Seismic and sediment thickness data supporting natural prolongation Baseline calibration based on historical Exclusive Fisheries Zones (EFZs) Choose the correct combination: (a) 1, 2, and 4(b) 1 and 3 only(c) 2, 3, and 4(d) 1, 2, and 3 Correct Answer: (b) Explanation:To support ECS claims, morphological, geological, and sediment thickness data are required to establish natural prolongation of the continental shelf beyond 200 NM. Ocean current velocity and EFZ history are not scientifically relevant criteria under UNCLOS Annex II. Bandung Conference Syllabus: GS2/ International Relations This year marks 70 years since the historic Bandung Conference, a landmark moment in the rise of the Global South as a political force.   About the Bandung Conference (1955) Held in Bandung, Indonesia, the conference brought together 29 newly independent Asian and African nations. It aimed to confront the challenges of decolonization, assert sovereignty, and offer an alternative voice in a world dominated by Cold War superpowers. The event laid the groundwork for the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and promoted Afro-Asian solidarity through economic and cultural cooperation. It opposed colonialism, imperialism, and neocolonialism in all forms.   Bandung’s Ten Principles (Dasasila Bandung) Respect for human rights and the UN Charter Sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations Equality of all races and nations Non-interference in internal affairs Right to self-defense per the UN Charter No use of collective defense to serve big power interests No aggression or use of force Peaceful settlement of disputes Promotion of mutual interests and cooperation Respect for justice and international obligations   Legacy and Relevance The Bandung Conference is remembered as a powerful assertion of self-determination and dignity for post-colonial nations.Its vision continues to inspire efforts toward a just, multipolar world order in an era of global realignments.   What is the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)? Definition: A group of developing countries that remained independent of Cold War power blocs. Origins: Traces back to Bandung (1955); formally established in 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Founding Leaders: Jawaharlal Nehru (India) Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt) Josip Tito (Yugoslavia) Sukarno (Indonesia) Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) Structure: No permanent secretariat or binding charter Second-largest international grouping after the United Nations Membership: 120 member countries: 53 from Africa 39 from Asia 26 from Latin America & the Caribbean 2 from Europe Includes Palestine and 17 observer states With reference to the Bandung Principles, which of the following statements is/are correct? They allowed for collective defense only under UN authorization. They prohibited any nation from using its military strength to exert influence on smaller nations. They emphasized cultural cooperation over economic cooperation among Afro-Asian countries. Select the correct answer using the code below:(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: (a)     Explanation: Statement 1 is correct: Bandung principles align with the UN Charter, allowing defense only in conformity with it. Statement 2 is correct: One of the ten principles specifically opposes the use of power to dominate smaller nations. Statement 3 is incorrect: The conference emphasized both economic and cultural cooperation, not prioritizing one over the other. NMCG Approves Annual Master Plan to Promote River-Sensitive Urban Planning Under RCA Syllabus: GS3/Urban Planning Context: The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) has approved an Annual Master Plan under the River Cities Alliance (RCA) to guide the implementation of river-sensitive urban governance across Indian cities.   About the Initiative: The initiative is focused on embedding river-sensitive urban planning into India’s expanding urban landscapes. The master plan includes: Capacity-building programmes Knowledge-sharing platforms Development of technical tools Expert consultations Thematic case studies to inform river-related urban strategies.     Urban River Management Plans (URMPs): Launched in 2020 by NMCG and the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA). A first-of-its-kind urban-river planning framework, integrating environmental, social, and economic dimensions of river ecosystems into urban governance. Cities with existing URMPs: Kanpur, Ayodhya, Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar, Moradabad, and Bareilly. Future expansion: 25 additional URMPs to be developed in the first phase; a total of 60 are planned over the next 2–3 years. Steering Committees: Constituted in key Ganga basin states (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal) to guide plan formulation and execution.   River Cities Alliance (RCA): Established in 2021 by the NMCG (Ministry of

Over 160 Killed by Lightning in March-April 2025 Syllabus: GS1/ Geography Between March and mid-April 2025, 162 people tragically lost their lives due to lightning strikes across 12 Indian states. The worst-hit region was Bihar, which recorded 99 deaths, accounting for 61% of the national total, followed by Uttar Pradesh. What is Lightning? Lightning is an electrical discharge that occurs between charged particles in a cloud and the ground. When the voltage in the atmosphere reaches approximately 3 million volts per meter, the air’s insulating properties break down, allowing a powerful electric current to flow. This results in a sudden burst of energy, creating a bright flash of light and a thunderous sound.   How Does Lightning Develop? Several factors contribute to the development of lightning, including: High humidity in regions like eastern states and coastal areas, which promotes thunderstorms. Topographical features like the Himalayas and Western Ghats, influencing lightning frequency. Monsoon dynamics, where moist air rises, driving thunderstorms and lightning. Rapid urbanization and industrialization, which increase the occurrence of artificial heat sources and aerosols that enhance thunderstorms. Climate change, which alters weather patterns and potentially increases the frequency and intensity of lightning events. Agricultural practices, such as burning agricultural residues, which add particulates to the atmosphere and heighten the risk of thunderstorms.   Government Initiatives To mitigate the risks posed by lightning, several government efforts have been made: The CROPC (Climate Resilient Observing Systems Promotion Council) developed India’s first Lightning Early Warning System to predict lightning strikes and issue alerts. The SACHET mobile app was launched to provide timely lightning hazard alerts to the public. In 2020, the Damini Lightning App was developed by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) to track lightning strikes and raise awareness.   Moving Forward To reduce lightning fatalities, it is crucial to: Strengthen communication systems so that warnings reach vulnerable populations efficiently. Train local authorities to act swiftly based on early warnings. Increase public awareness about lightning safety, especially during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Improve ground-level implementation of NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority) protocols to minimize the impact and save lives. With these measures in place, we hope to reduce the devastating impact of lightning and protect more lives in the future. Consider the following factors contributing to the increased frequency of lightning strikes in India: High humidity in coastal areas and eastern states. The orographic effect caused by the Himalayas and Western Ghats. Increased aerosol concentration due to urbanization and industrialization. The effect of global warming on atmospheric convection and storm dynamics. Which of the factors listed above is/are most directly responsible for the increased frequency and intensity of lightning strikes in India? a) 1 and 2 onlyb) 2, 3, and 4 onlyc) 1, 2, and 3 onlyd) 1, 2, 3, and 4 Answer: d) 1, 2, 3, and 4 Explanation:All the factors listed contribute significantly to the increased frequency of lightning strikes. High humidity in coastal and eastern regions promotes thunderstorms, which often result in lightning. Orographic lifting in regions like the Himalayas and Western Ghats leads to intense storm formations and lightning. Urbanization and industrialization increase the concentration of aerosols in the atmosphere, enhancing cloud formation and intensifying lightning events. Climate change alters temperature and moisture dynamics, further driving more intense lightning occurrences. World Bank: India’s Extreme Poverty Drops to 2.3% Syllabus :GS 3/Economy  According to the World Bank’s Poverty and Equity Briefs (PEBs), India has made remarkable strides in reducing extreme poverty, with the proportion of people living in extreme poverty dropping from 16% in 2011–12 to just 2.3% in 2022–23. This substantial reduction represents a major milestone in the country’s ongoing efforts to combat poverty.   About the Poverty and Equity Briefs (PEBs) The Poverty and Equity Briefs (PEBs) are biannual reports published by the World Bank. These reports provide a snapshot of trends in poverty, inequality, and shared prosperity across over 100 developing countries. The PEBs are released during the Spring and Annual Meetings of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Their goal is to keep the issue of poverty reduction central to global policy discussions.   Key Indicators and Measurement The PEBs track several important indicators to assess poverty and inequality: Poverty rates based on both national and international poverty lines (e.g., $2.15/day in 2017 PPP terms, $3.65 for lower-middle-income countries, and $6.85 for upper-middle-income countries). The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which considers deprivations in areas such as education, basic services, and nutrition in addition to income poverty. Inequality is measured using the Gini Index, a tool that gauges income or consumption inequality in a population.   India’s Recent Poverty Trends (2022–23) India has witnessed a sharp decline in extreme poverty, with significant reductions across both rural and urban areas: Extreme poverty, measured at $2.15 per day (PPP), fell from 16% in 2011–12 to 3% in 2022–23, lifting 171 million people above the poverty line. Rural areas saw a drop in extreme poverty from 4% to 2.8%, while urban areas experienced a decline from 10.7% to 1.1%, significantly narrowing the rural-urban poverty gap. When measured against the $3.65/day threshold for lower-middle-income countries, poverty declined from 8% to 28.1%, with an additional 378 million people moving above this line. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which includes factors such as education and basic services, showed a significant decrease in non-monetary poverty, dropping from 53.8% in 2005–06 to 15.5% in 2022–23.   Regional Distribution of Poverty India’s most populous states—Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh—continue to account for a large portion of the country’s poverty: These five states accounted for 54% of India’s extreme poor in 2022–23, and 51% of the multidimensionally poor in 2019–21. Despite making significant strides, these states still represent a key focus area for poverty alleviation efforts, although they have also driven much of India’s poverty reduction, contributing to two-thirds of the overall decline.   Inequality and Employment Challenges Despite the remarkable reduction in poverty, inequality remains a pressing issue in India: Wage inequality is high,

Pakistan Shuts Airspace, Snaps Trade Relations with India Syllabus: GS2/International Relations; GS3/Security The recent terror attack in Pahalgam has sharply intensified tensions between India and Pakistan, prompting both nations to take a series of strong retaliatory measures.     Key Measures Taken By India: Suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty Closure of the Attari-Wagah Border Cancellation of the SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme (SVES Visas) Expulsion of Pakistani Military Advisors Reduction in Diplomatic Personnel   By Pakistan: Closure of Airspace for Indian aircraft Suspension of Bilateral Trade Reduction in India’s High Commission staff Suspension of the Simla Agreement and all bilateral treaties Visa restrictions, with exceptions for Sikh pilgrims traveling to the Kartarpur Corridor Characterization of India’s Indus Treaty suspension as an ‘act of war’   Pakistan’s Airspace Closure: Implications Understanding Airspace Rights Countries hold sovereignty over their airspace, as per domestic aviation laws and international agreements. In India, the DGCA (Directorate General of Civil Aviation) governs airspace restrictions. Airspace closures are officially communicated through NOTAMs (Notice to Airmen).   International Framework Governed by the Chicago Convention, 1944 under the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization). Article 1 affirms a nation’s full control over its airspace. Impact of Airspace Ban Flight rerouting to Europe, North America, and the Middle East via longer paths is increasing fuel usage and costs. International airfares may rise by 8–12%, burdening passengers. Reflects the 2019 closure post-Balakot airstrikes, which cost Indian airlines over ₹700 crore.   Simla Agreement (1972) Overview A bilateral treaty signed on July 2, 1972, by Indian PM Indira Gandhi and Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto after the 1971 India-Pakistan war, which followed India’s intervention in East Pakistan’s liberation movement.   Key Provisions All disputes, including Kashmir, to be resolved bilaterally, without third-party mediation. Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and political independence. The 1971 ceasefire line in Jammu and Kashmir was converted into the Line of Control (LoC), with both sides agreeing not to alter it unilaterally. Restoration of diplomatic, trade, and cultural ties, including communication and travel. India released 93,000 Pakistani POWs, one of the largest wartime releases ever. India also returned over 13,000 km² of captured territory, except for strategic areas like the Chorbat Valley. With reference to the Simla Agreement of 1972, consider the following statements: It was signed between India and Pakistan after the Kargil War. The agreement mandated third-party mediation in resolving the Kashmir dispute. It led to the conversion of the ceasefire line into the Line of Control (LoC). India retained all territories it had captured during the 1971 war.     Which of the above statements is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 onlyB. 3 onlyC. 1, 3, and 4D. 2 and 4 only   Answer: B. 3 only Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect: The Simla Agreement was signed after the 1971 war, not the Kargil War (1999). Statement 2 is incorrect: The agreement explicitly rejected third-party involvement, stressing bilateral resolution of disputes. Statement 3 is correct: The 1971 ceasefire line was renamed as the Line of Control (LoC). Statement 4 is incorrect: India returned over 13,000 km² of captured territory but retained only strategic parts like the Chorbat Valley. Combating Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in India Syllabus :GS 2/Health    In News: Health experts have raised serious concerns over the overuse of the powerful antibiotic ceftazidime-avibactam, warning that its misuse is leading to reduced therapeutic efficacy and accelerating antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) has been urged to implement stringent regulations to curb its inappropriate usage.   Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Antimicrobials — including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics — are critical for treating infections in humans, animals, and plants.AMR occurs when microorganisms evolve to withstand these drugs, making infections harder to treat, increasing the risk of disease transmission, severe illness, disability, and mortality. Though AMR is a natural evolutionary process, it is greatly accelerated by: Overuse and misuse of antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine Indiscriminate application in agriculture and aquaculture Poor sanitation and infection control Socio-economic challenges such as poverty and lack of access to clean water.   India’s AMR Burden and Challenges: India bears one of the highest burdens of bacterial infections globally. AMR contributes to prolonged hospitalizations, higher treatment costs, intensive care admissions, and increased mortality rates.   Drivers of AMR in India include: Inadequate regulatory oversight of antibiotic prescriptions High prevalence of over-the-counter sales without prescription Unregulated antibiotic use in livestock and poultry Limited awareness among healthcare professionals and the public   Steps Taken by India India is responding to the AMR crisis through multi-sectoral coordination and scientific advancements:   Genomic Surveillance & Institutional Collaboration: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) are leading efforts in monitoring resistance patterns and promoting rational antibiotic use.   New Antibiotic Discoveries: Recent breakthroughs such as cefepime-enmetazobactam, cefepime-zidebactam, nafithromycin, and levodifloxacin provide new weapons against multi-drug resistant pathogens, helping reduce dependence on last-resort antibiotics like carbapenems and colistin.   Public Awareness Campaigns: The Red Line Campaign marks all prescription-only antibiotics with a red line to caution against self-medication and overuse.   Antibiotic Stewardship Programs (ASPs): ICMR promotes ASPs in hospitals to guide evidence-based prescription practices and restrict unnecessary antibiotic use.   Way Forward: India possesses a robust biotechnology ecosystem, a high burden of infectious diseases, and affordable pharmaceutical manufacturing capacity. These strengths position it to lead the global fight against AMR, particularly for low- and middle-income countries. To effectively combat AMR, India must: Strengthen policy frameworks and enforcement against antibiotic misuse. Promote innovation in diagnostics, drug discovery, and surveillance. Expand awareness campaigns targeting healthcare professionals and the public. Regulate and optimize antibiotic use in animal husbandry and agriculture. Improve infrastructure, especially sanitation and infection control systems.   Conclusion: Tackling AMR requires a holistic, One Health approach, integrating human, animal, and environmental health. With the right governance, innovation, and societal participation, India can emerge as a global exemplar in combating antimicrobial resistance. With reference to Antimicrobial

Pahalgam Terror Attack and Suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty Syllabus:IR The Cabinet Committee on Security, chaired by PM Narendra Modi, has approved a 5-point action plan in response to a terrorist attack in Baisaran Valley (Pahalgam), Jammu and Kashmir, which claimed the lives of 26 civilians. The Resistance Front (TRF), a proxy group of the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), claimed responsibility. TRF emerged in 2020 following the elimination of LeT’s leadership in 2018 and the revocation of Article 370 in 2019. It was designated a terrorist organization under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 in 2023.     India’s 5-Point Action Plan After the Pahalgam Terror Attack Suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT):India has suspended the 1960 treaty, leveraging water diplomacy to pressure Pakistan to end cross-border terrorism. Closure of the Attari-Wagah Border:The Integrated Check Post at Attari, Punjab has been shut, halting all movement of people and goods. Only those who crossed over legally can return by May 1, 2025. Revocation of SAARC Visa Exemption for Pakistan:India has cancelled SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme (SVES) for Pakistani nationals. All existing visas under this scheme are now void. Expulsion of Pakistani Military Advisors:Pakistan’s Defence, Naval, and Air Advisors in India have been declared persona non grata. India will also recall its military advisors from Islamabad. Diplomatic Downgrade:India will reduce its diplomatic staff in Islamabad from 55 to 30 by May 1, 2025, effectively freezing bilateral dialogue.   Geopolitical Factors Behind the Attack India’s Kashmir Policy: Pakistan perceives the revocation of Article 370 and Kashmir’s integration into India as a threat to its claim over Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK).   International Isolation of Pakistan: Diminished support from traditional allies (U.S., Gulf countries, even China). Post-2021 U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan reduced Pakistan’s strategic importance. Economic Instability: Severe inflation, institutional weaknesses, and rising Baloch insurgency. Declining investor confidence and worsening GDP outlook.   Global Messaging: The attack coincided with PM Modi’s visit to Saudi Arabia and the U.S. Vice President’s trip to India—suggesting Pakistan’s attempt to reassert regional influence.   The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) – Background and Significance Signed in 1960, mediated by the World Bank after 9 years of negotiation.   Water Allocation: Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) – India Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) – Pakistan Set up a Permanent Indus Commission and a multi-level dispute resolution mechanism.   India’s Recent Actions: 2023 & 2024: Issued notices to modify the IWT due to disputes over projects like Kishanganga and Ratle. Suspension Justified Under: Article 62 of the Vienna Convention, allowing treaty withdrawal due to fundamental changes in circumstances (i.e., cross-border terrorism).   Implications of IWT Suspension For India: Gains freedom in river management and can: Conduct reservoir flushing outside the monsoon period. Fast-track hydroelectric projects on western rivers. Deny project inspections to Pakistan. Note: Suspension won’t immediately affect Pakistan’s water supply due to India’s current infrastructure limits. For Pakistan: Major water security risks—80% of agriculture depends on Indus waters. Threats to: Food and water supply Power generation Economic stability (Indus system fuels 25% of Pakistan’s GDP) May seek World Bank arbitration, and approach allies like China—but economic constraints limit retaliation.   India’s Key Dams on the Indus System Kishanganga (Jhelum): Operational since 2018; diverts water from a key Mangla Dam tributary. Ratle (Chenab): Under construction; could reduce flow to Pakistan’s Punjab. Shahpurkandi (Ravi): Diverts Ravi water to Indian channels. Ujh (Ravi): Planned dam to further reduce Pakistan’s water access.   India’s Long-Term Strategic Roadmap Strengthen Deterrence Enhance border security with high-tech surveillance and smart fencing. Maintain a modern, responsive military presence. Leverage Global Forums Highlight Pakistan’s support for terrorism at the UN Security Council. Use Article 51 of the UN Charter to advocate for collective action. Push for FATF blacklisting of Pakistan for terror financing. Internal Security & Social Cohesion Deploy counter-radicalization efforts in border regions. Promote unity through public awareness on pluralism and peace. With reference to the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), consider the following statements: The IWT allocates the three eastern rivers to Pakistan and the three western rivers to India. The Treaty allows India unrestricted use of western rivers for hydroelectricity, subject to specific design constraints. Article XII of the Treaty provides for its suspension in case of material breach by either party. India’s suspension of the IWT in 2025 is the first such instance since the treaty’s inception. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 onlyB. 2 and 4 onlyC. 4 onlyD. 2, 3 and 4 only Answer: B. 2 and 4 only Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect: The eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) are allocated to India, and the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan. Statement 2 is correct: India is allowed limited non-consumptive use of western rivers, such as for hydroelectric projects, but subject to design limitations. Statement 3 is incorrect: There is no provision in Article XII for suspension due to material breach. However, under Article XII(3), the treaty can be modified through mutual agreement. India’s recent action is being justified under Article 62 of the Vienna Convention, not under IWT itself. Statement 4 is correct: This is indeed the first time since 1960 that India has suspended the treaty. SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme Syllabus:IR Following the terror attack in Pahalgam, Jammu & Kashmir, the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) has revoked the SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme (SVES) for Pakistani nationals. This move is a firm diplomatic measure in response to Pakistan’s continued sponsorship of cross-border terrorism.     What is the SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme (SVES)? Launched: 1992, based on a decision from the 4th SAARC Summit (1988, Islamabad). Objective: To promote regional integration and people-to-people connectivity among SAARC nations. Mechanism: Eligible individuals are issued a Special Travel Document (Visa Sticker) that permits visa-free travel within member states.   Coverage Applicable to 24 categories, including: Heads of State Parliamentarians Judges Senior officials Businesspersons Journalists Sportspersons, etc. Visa Stickers are typically valid for one year, issued by the home country, and subject to immigration clearance. India-Specific Provisions