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Indian Ocean: Strategic Significance & India’s Role The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) faces significant geopolitical competition and security challenges, prompting India to advocate for multilateral maritime collaboration, such as a “coordinated flotilla,” as highlighted by External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar. Overview of the Indian Ocean: The third-largest ocean, spanning approximately 9,600 km from the Bay of Bengal to Antarctica and 7,800 km from South Africa to Western Australia. It boasts a 70,000 km coastline encompassing major economies. Demographics: Home to 35% of the world’s population and 40% of the global coastline. Historical Significance: Named after India, reflecting its historical influence on maritime trade. Served as a crucial trade route since the first millennium, connecting India with the Arab world, Southeast Asia, and Africa. The Silk Route and spice trade flourished through the Indian Ocean, linking Europe, Asia, and Africa. Strategic Importance: A vital global trade route, facilitating 70% of the world’s container traffic. 80% of India’s external trade and 90% of its energy imports transit through the Indian Ocean. Critical oil supply routes from West Asia to India, China, Japan, and Europe pass through the region. India’s central position grants strategic control over key maritime chokepoints: Strait of Hormuz (Iran-Oman), vital for oil shipments. Bab el-Mandeb (Yemen-Djibouti), the gateway to the Red Sea & Suez Canal. Strait of Malacca (Indonesia-Malaysia), a key trade passage for East Asia. Challenges in the Indian Ocean Region: Maritime Security Threats: Frequent pirate attacks and trafficking, particularly near Somalia and the Gulf of Aden. Economic & Environmental Issues: Overfishing and deep-sea mining threaten marine ecosystems. Climate Change & Rising Sea Levels: Small island nations face coastal erosion and the risk of submersion. Humanitarian Crises & Disasters: Natural disasters such as cyclones, tsunamis, and oil spills necessitate coordinated disaster response. Geopolitical Rivalries: Growing influence of the U.S., China, UK, and France fuels power struggles in the region. India’s Policy Shift in the Indian Ocean: Strengthening Regional Ties: India actively engages with IOR nations through: Indian Ocean Conference (IOC). Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA). Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS). Colombo Security Conclave. SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region): Launched in 2015 under PM Modi, aiming to: Strengthen India’s leadership in the IOR. Ensure free and open sea lanes for secure global trade. Promote sustainable maritime development. Enhancing Blue-Water Capabilities: Naval Expansion: Modernizing the navy with indigenous aircraft carriers and advanced submarines. Maritime Surveillance: Deployment of P-8I Poseidon aircraft and satellite-based tracking systems. Quad Cooperation: Collaboration with the U.S., Japan, and Australia on maritime security, anti-submarine warfare, and intelligence sharing. Which of the following statements BEST describes the strategic significance of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR)? It is the largest ocean, covering the majority of the Earth’s surface. It is primarily a fishing ground, with limited impact on global trade and geopolitics. It is a crucial global trade route, controlling key maritime chokepoints, and vital for energy supplies, influencing trade and geopolitics. It is strategically important only for India due to its geographical proximity. Correct Answer: c. It is a crucial global trade route, controlling key maritime chokepoints, and vital for energy supplies, influencing trade and geopolitics. India-U.S. Partnership on Underwater Domain Awareness (UDA) Technologies The India-U.S. partnership on Underwater Domain Awareness (UDA) technologies, solidified during PM Modi’s recent visit to the US with the launch of the Autonomous Systems Industry Alliance (ASIA), represents a significant advancement in maritime security cooperation. This collaboration is particularly noteworthy as India is the only country with whom the U.S. defense industry is partnering on such sensitive technologies. Understanding Underwater Domain Awareness (UDA): UDA encompasses the ability of a nation or organization to monitor, detect, and assess activities occurring beneath the surface of oceans and seas. It is vital for: Maritime Security Resource Management Environmental Protection Disaster Response Significance of the India-U.S. UDA Cooperation: Geopolitical and Strategic Importance: Strengthening Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) and, critically, UDA is essential for India’s national security. Addresses China’s increasing naval presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Enhances submarine detection and tracking capabilities. Supports increased cooperation within the Quad (India, U.S., Australia, Japan) to counter shared threats. Defense Technology Collaboration: The U.S. is providing cutting-edge underwater surveillance and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) technologies, including: Sea Picket: An autonomous sonar surveillance system by Thayer Mahan. Wave Glider: An Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) by Boeing’s Liquid Robotics, with plans for co-production with Sagar Defence Engineering (60 units). Low-Frequency Active Towed Sonar: Discussions between L3 Harris and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) are ongoing. Impact on India’s Defense Capabilities: Significantly strengthens India’s anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities, complementing existing assets: 12 P-8I Poseidon Maritime Patrol Aircraft 24 MH-60R Multi-Role Helicopters (being inducted) 15 MQ-9B Sea Guardian UAVs (part of a 31-unit contract, deliveries from 2029). Technology Transfer, “Make-in-India,” and Economic Benefits: First-of-its-kind co-production and technology transfer in sensitive underwater systems. Strengthens India’s defense manufacturing ecosystem under the “Make in India” & “Atmanirbhar Bharat” initiatives. Challenges and Considerations: Technology Transfer and Data Security: Concerns regarding the secure sharing of sensitive UDA data and maintaining sovereign control over surveillance systems. Financial and Operational Challenges: The high cost associated with procurement, deployment, and maintenance of advanced underwater systems. Technology Dependence: Reliance on high-end research and funding for advanced sonar and AI systems. Legal and Diplomatic Complexities: Potential for tensions with neighboring nations in disputed waters due to UDA activities. Environmental Impact: The use of sonar technologies can negatively impact marine biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems. Conclusion: UDA is a critical component of maritime security, economic sustainability, and environmental conservation. India’s focus on UDA, in collaboration with the U.S. and Quad partners, is especially significant given the increasing Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean. This collaboration is set to significantly enhance India’s maritime defense capabilities and strategic positioning in the region. The primary strategic driver behind the India-U.S. collaboration on Underwater Domain Awareness (UDA) is: To counter the growing naval presence of China in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). To improve India’s fishing industry. To promote tourism in the Indian Ocean. To enhance

Preserving India’s Cultural Heritage India is home to some of the world’s most iconic historical and cultural sites, but these treasures are under serious threat due to climate change and human activities. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) plays a crucial role in protecting and maintaining these monuments. Role of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) Established in 1861, the ASI oversees 3,698 protected monuments under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act (1904) and the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (1958). ASI’s key responsibilities include: Conservation and Restoration: Regular maintenance of temples, forts, tombs, churches, palaces, and prehistoric sites. Preventive Measures: Addressing threats from climate, pollution, encroachments, and structural instability. Monitoring and Research: Studying the impact of environmental changes on monuments. Legal Enforcement: Ensuring monuments are protected from illegal activities and misuse. Impact of Climate Change on Cultural Heritage Climate change poses significant threats to India’s cultural heritage: Rising Sea Levels: Coastal heritage sites like the Konark Sun Temple (Odisha) and Mahabalipuram (Tamil Nadu) are at risk from saltwater intrusion and erosion. Extreme Heat and Droughts: Heatwaves and changing weather patterns affect the stability of ancient structures, especially those made from sandstone and limestone. Heavy Rains and Strong Winds: Increased rainfall and cyclones lead to water damage and erosion in forts, palaces, and cave temples. Air Pollution: Pollution has severely affected monuments like the Taj Mahal, turning its marble yellow due to high sulfur dioxide levels in the air. Government Measures to Protect Heritage Sites To counter these challenges, the government and ASI have adopted several measures: Increased Funding for Conservation: The budget for ASI’s preservation work has increased by 70% in recent years. 2.Climate-Resilient Conservation Methods: ASI has adopted scientific preservation techniques to protect monuments. Automated Weather Stations (AWS): Installed in collaboration with ISRO to monitor temperature, wind, rainfall, and atmospheric pressure at heritage sites. Air Pollution Monitoring Labs: Set up near monuments like Taj Mahal (Agra) and Bibi Ka Maqbara (Aurangabad) to track pollution levels. Collaboration with Other Agencies: ASI works closely with the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and UNESCO to develop strategies for disaster management of cultural sites. 6.Strengthening Legal Protection: Under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (1958), monuments are protected from encroachment and misuse. Way Forward To ensure the long-term protection of India’s cultural heritage, it is essential to: Engage Local Communities: Involve local communities in conservation efforts to foster a sense of ownership and responsibility. Raise Public Awareness: Organize educational programs and campaigns to educate people about the importance of protecting monuments. Leverage Advanced Technology: Use AI, 3D mapping, and drone surveillance to document and restore historical sites. Enforce Stricter Laws: Implement stricter laws and harsher penalties for encroachments and defacement. Which of the following is NOT a primary responsibility of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)? Conservation and Restoration of historical sites. Preventive measures to address threats to monuments. Developing new architectural designs for modern buildings. Legal enforcement to protect monuments from misuse. Answer: c) Developing new architectural designs for modern buildings. Parliamentary Panel Recommends Minimum Price for Paddy Residue to Curb Stubble Burning A parliamentary panel has suggested establishing a minimum price mechanism for paddy residue, similar to the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for crops, to discourage farmers from burning crop residue in the fields. Why is Stubble Burning a Concern? Stubble burning, a practice primarily prevalent in Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh, results in severe air pollution in Delhi-NCR, causing smog and high PM2.5 levels, worsening respiratory diseases. It also harms soil fertility, increases dependence on chemical fertilizers, and contributes to climate change by releasing greenhouse gases. Why Do Farmers Burn Stubble? Time constraints between paddy harvesting and wheat sowing. High costs of alternative methods, despite subsidies. Lack of a fixed market price for selling paddy straw. Limited awareness and inadequate incentives. Key Recommendations: Minimum Price for Paddy Residue: A mechanism should be set up to benchmark and notify minimum prices annually before the Kharif harvest season. The price should cover farmers’ collection costs, including labor and machinery expenses. Subsidies: The government should subsidize machinery like happy seeders, rotavators, and mulchers for in-situ paddy straw management. Promotion of Short-Duration Paddy Varieties: State governments should discourage long-duration paddy varieties like PUSA 44 and promote short-duration alternatives. Developing a National Bioenergy Policy: A unified national policy to integrate agricultural residue into bioenergy production. Others: Address ex-situ crop residue management costs, provide financial incentives, improve supply chain infrastructure, and raise awareness among farmers to ensure economic viability and environmental sustainability. What is the primary purpose of the parliamentary panel’s recommendation to establish a minimum price mechanism for paddy residue? To increase the income of farmers. To encourage farmers to burn crop residue. To discourage farmers from burning crop residue. To support the use of chemical fertilizers. Answer: (C) To discourage farmers from burning crop residue. NAMASTE Scheme The NAMASTE (National Action for Manual Scavenging System Transformation) scheme is designed to ensure zero fatalities and make the sanitation sector safer for workers. Union Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment (SJ&E), Dr. Virender Kumar visited Jammu recently. On the occasion, he distributed Ayushman health cards and PPE kits to Safai Mitras under the flagship NAMASTE Scheme NAMASTE Scheme Objectives: Zero Fatalities: The primary aim is to eliminate fatalities among sanitation workers. Skilled Workforce: Ensuring all sanitation work is performed by skilled workers. Elimination of Contact: Eliminating direct contact with human faecal matter. Worker Collectivization: Promoting the formation of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) to empower sanitation workers. Key Features of NAMASTE: Identification of Workers: Identification of Sewer and Septic Tank Workers (SSWs). Training: Providing occupational training for workers. PPE Kits: Distributing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) kits. Health Insurance: Offering health insurance under the Ayushman Bharat scheme. Financial Support: Providing financial support to promote mechanization and enterprise development. Combating Manual Scavenging: The NAMASTE scheme helps address the manual scavenging problem by promoting mechanization. The scheme also facilitates training to sanitation workers. Government Support: The government is actively pursuing legislative measures to

President of India issued Proclamation imposing President’s rule in Manipur This marks the 11th instance of President’s Rule being imposed in the state, with the last time being in 2001-02, putting the State Assembly under suspended animation. Constitutional Basis: Article 356 of the Constitution allows for the imposition of President’s Rule in a state. This happens when the President, acting on a report from the State Governor, is convinced that the state government can no longer function according to the Constitution. Duration and Approval: Initial Period: President’s Rule is initially in effect for two months. Parliamentary Approval: To extend beyond two months, both houses of Parliament must approve it by a simple majority. Extension Limits: If approved, President’s Rule can be extended for a maximum of three years, with parliamentary approval required every six months. Revocation: The President can end President’s Rule at any time through a subsequent proclamation. Consequences of President’s Rule: The President assumes control of the State Government’s functions and the Governor’s powers. The President can transfer the powers of the State Legislature to Parliament. The High Court continues to operate as usual. S R Bommai Vs Union of India (1994) Supreme Court held that the proclamation under Article 356 was subject to judicial review. The President can only dissolve a state legislative assembly after Parliament’sapproval of the proclamation, and until then, the assembly remains suspended. Q: To extend President’s Rule beyond the initial period, what is required? a) Approval from the State Assembly b) Approval from the President c) Approval from both houses of Parliament d) A referendum in the state   Correct Answer: c) Approval from both houses of Parliament Marital Rape in India Legal Ambiguity and Ongoing Debate: The core reason the topic is in the news is the ongoing legal debate and lack of clarity regarding marital rape in India. Chhattisgarh High Court Ruling: The Gorakhnath Sharma case highlights the existing legal framework that protects husbands from rape charges for sex with wives over 15. This underscores the current legal immunity. Supreme Court Petitions: The news mentions that the Supreme Court is actively hearing petitions to criminalize marital rape. This directly reflects the push for legal reform and the desire to challenge the existing status quo. Contrasting Legal Stances: The news emphasizes the conflict between different legal perspectives: Existing Law: The Indian Penal Code (IPC) and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) currently offer immunity to husbands in cases of marital rape (with the exception of those involving wives under 18). Judicial Rulings: While the law grants immunity, various court rulings (e.g., Independent Thought and KS Puttaswamy) have affirmed the importance of consent, sexual autonomy, and the rights of women. These rulings create a tension with the existing law. Government’s Stance: The Ministry of Home Affairs’ statement shows reluctance to criminalize marital rape fully, highlighting a differing view from women’s rights advocates and potentially some within the judiciary. Impact and Relevance of the Law: A fundamental Human Rights Issue: The criminalization of marital rape directly impacts women’s rights to personal autonomy, equality, and freedom from violence. Comparison to Global Standards: The article highlights that marital rape is criminalized in a majority of countries around the world, and the news of the SC hearing petitions to criminalize marital rape is an indicator of the desire to align with these international standards. Recent Judicial Pronouncements: the text highlights that the text highlights that in 2023, the Bombay HC ruled that consensual sex with a minor wife is rape, rejecting the defense of consent in such cases. In 2024, the Madhya Pradesh HC ruled that unnatural sex with a wife is not rape and that a wife’s consent is irrelevant in such matters. These rulings create a tension with the existing law. Potential Solutions and Reforms: The article outlines possible actions, such as raising the marriage age, legislative amendments, alternative legal frameworks and reviewing global best practices. These underscore the recognition that changes are needed and highlight the importance of the debate. In essence, the news is centered on the ongoing legal and social debate in India about whether or not to criminalize marital rape. The differing legal stances, judicial pronouncements, and the desire for reform are all major factors as to why this issue has gained prominence in the news cycle. Q: What potential solutions are outlined in the article to address the issue of marital rape? Raising the marriage age, legislative amendments, alternative legal frameworks, and reviewing global best practices Only raising the marriage age Only legislative amendments Only alternative legal frameworks Correct Answer: a)Raising the marriage age, legislative amendments, alternative legal frameworks, and reviewing global best practices Issue of Pendency of Cases in Indian Judiciary This is a concise summary of the problem of case backlogs in the Indian judiciary and the Supreme Court’s efforts to address it. About : The Supreme Court first endorsed the appointment of ad-hoc judges in its 2021 ruling in Lok Prahari v. Union of India. These judges were authorised to hear only criminal appeals as part of a bench led by a sitting judge. Backlog: As of January 2025, High Courts were hampered with a disgusting backlog of 62 lakh cases. Legal Basis: Article 224A: This constitutional provision allows the Chief Justice of a High Court to appoint retired judges with the President’s permission. Lok Prahari v. Union of India (2021): The Supreme Court case that established the conditions for appointing ad-hoc judges, including the requirement that the High Court has a significant number of vacancies. Background and Context: The Supreme Court has previously allowed ad-hoc judges but has identified a lack of use of the provision. Why the Backlog? Causes: The article lists several contributing factors to the massive backlog of cases: Insufficient Judges: A low judge-to-population ratio. Increased Litigation: More cases are being filed due to a growing population and complex socio-economic issues. Delays in the Justice System: Procedural inefficiencies, adjournments, and delays in evidence. Lack of Infrastructure: Under-equipped and under-staffed courts. Bureaucratic Challenges: Administrative

Towards a Cancer-Free India Introduction Cancer remains a significant public health challenge in India, with projections indicating a rise in cases. In 2023, estimates suggest over 1.4 million cancer cases were reported. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and its National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) play a crucial role in tracking cancer trends and informing policy decisions. The government is committed to strengthening cancer care through various policies, interventions, and financial assistance schemes. Union Budget 2025-26: A Focus on Cancer Care The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare receives a substantial allocation of Rs. 99,858.56 crore in the Union Budget 2025-26, demonstrating the government’s commitment to healthcare. Specific initiatives targeting cancer care include: Day Care Cancer Centers: Expansion of accessible treatment options through the establishment of Day Care Cancer Centers in district hospitals, aiming for 200 centers in 2025-26. Customs Duty Exemptions: Reducing the financial burden of treatment by exempting 36 lifesaving drugs and medicines for cancer and other diseases from Basic Customs Duty (BCD), offering concessional customs duty of 5% for six lifesaving medicines, and providing full BCD exemptions for specified drugs and medicines under Patient Assistance Programmes. Holistic Cancer Control: Key Government Programs The Indian government employs a multi-pronged approach to combat cancer, centered around the following programs: National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS): This program focuses on the prevention, early detection, and management of non-communicable diseases, including oral, breast, and cervical cancers. Key components include: Cancer Screening: Implementing screening programs for oral, breast, and cervical cancers at the community level. Early Detection & Awareness: Raising public awareness through health workers and digital platforms. Infrastructure Strengthening: Establishing Tertiary Cancer Centers (TCCs) and State Cancer Institutes (SCIs). The NPCDCS has led to the establishment of numerous facilities nationwide, improving access to cancer screenings and care. 770 District NCD Clinics 233 Cardiac Care Units 372 District Day Care Centres 6,410 Community Health Centre NCD Clinics Strengthening of Tertiary Care for Cancer Scheme: This scheme enhances specialized cancer care facilities to improve access to treatment across states. It has led to the establishment of 19 State Cancer Institutes (SCIs) and 20 Tertiary Care Cancer Centres (TCCCs).  Additionally, institutions like the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Jhajjar, Haryana, and the Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI) in Kolkata are providing cutting-edge treatment and research opportunities. Ayushman Bharat Yojana: This initiative provides universal health coverage, particularly for vulnerable populations. It ensures timely treatment for cancer patients and covers chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical oncology. As of 2024, over 90% of registered cancer patients have commenced treatment under this scheme. The Health Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund (HMCPF): This fund provides financial assistance up to ₹5 lakh (potentially ₹15 Lakh) for cancer treatment to patients below the poverty line at 27 Regional Cancer Centres (RCCs). National Cancer Grid (NCG): This network ensures standardized, high-quality cancer care across India. With 287 member organizations, the NCG treats over 750,000 new cancer patients annually, representing over 60% of India’s cancer burden. It collaborates with Ayushman Bharat – PMJAY to streamline treatment costs and has contributed to the development of electronic health records. Advancing Cancer Research and Treatment India is making strides in cancer research and treatment, exemplified by the following: India’s First Indigenous CAR-T Cell Therapy: NexCAR19: This ground-breaking therapy, developed through a collaboration between IIT Bombay, Tata Memorial Centre, and ImmunoACT, offers an affordable and effective treatment for blood cancers. Quad Cancer Moon-shot Initiative: A partnership between India, the US, Australia, and Japan to eliminate cervical cancer across the Indo-Pacific region. The initiative focuses on scaling up screening and vaccination programs, advancing research, and strengthening global collaboration. Expansion of ACTREC: The Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer (ACTREC) is undergoing a major expansion to revolutionize cancer research, treatment, and patient care. Awareness Generation The Indian government is actively working to raise awareness about cancer prevention and treatment through: Community Awareness: Strengthening preventive measures through Ayushman Aarogya Mandir by promoting wellness activities and targeted communication. Media Campaigns: Utilizing print, electronic, and social media to increase public awareness. Government Support: Providing funds to states for awareness programs under the National Health Mission (NHM). Healthy Eating Promotion: Encouraging nutritious food choices through the Eat Right India campaign. Fitness Initiatives: Promoting physical activity through the Fit India Movement and yoga programs by the Ministry of AYUSH. Conclusion India is making significant progress in its fight against cancer through comprehensive policies, expanded healthcare infrastructure, financial assistance schemes, and advancements in research and treatment. The Union Budget 2025-26 highlights the government’s commitment to strengthening cancer care, improving access to treatment, and reducing financial burdens on patients.  While challenges remain in ensuring equitable access and early detection, continued investment in awareness, lifestyle interventions, and technology-driven solutions will be crucial for building a comprehensive and inclusive cancer care system in India. Q: What is the goal of the Health Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund (HMCPF)? To reduce the financial burden of treatment. To provide financial assistance up to ₹5 lakh (potentially ₹15 Lakh) for cancer treatment to patients below the poverty line at 27 Regional Cancer Centres (RCCs). To operate Day Care Cancer Centres in district hospitals. Correct Answer: To provide financial assistance up to ₹5 lakh (potentially ₹15 Lakh) for cancer treatment to patients below the poverty line at 27 Regional Cancer Centres (RCCs). Sagar Island Climate change, particularly rising sea levels and erosion, on Sagar Island in West Bengal’s Sundarbans, specifically focusing on the annual Gangasagar Mela and the threats to the Kapil Muni temple. It also touches upon the political dimensions of the event, the local community’s struggles, and the Centre-State dynamics regarding financial assistance. Key Points: Gangasagar Mela: Annual religious fair held on Sagar Island during Makar Sankranti. Attracts lakhs of pilgrims to take a holy dip at the confluence of the Ganga and the sea. West Bengal government promotes the event and provides arrangements. State government claims high pilgrim footfall (over a crore), but this is questioned. Demands for the

Global Corruption Index Introduction The index, which ranks 180 countries by their perceived levels of public sector corruption uses a scale of zero to 100, where “zero” is highly corrupt and “100” is very clean. Overall Results: Denmark ranks as the least corrupt country globally. South Sudan ranks as the most corrupt country with a score of only 8 points. The CPI ranks 180 countries and territories based on perceived public sector corruption, using a scale from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). India’s Ranking: India is ranked 96th, dropping three positions from 93rd in the previous year. India’s CPI score decreased from 39 in 2023 to 38 in 2024. Neighboring Countries’ Rankings: Pakistan: 135th position. Sri Lanka: 121st position. Bangladesh: 149th position. China: 76th position. Trends in Global Rankings: Major global powers like the United States and France saw declines in their CPI scores. The U.S. score dropped from 69 to 65, ranking 28th, down from 24th. France slipped four points to 67, now at 25th. Russia’s score further declined, reflecting ongoing authoritarianism post-invasion of Ukraine. Corruption’s Broader Impacts: The report emphasizes the interplay between corruption and climate change efforts. Corruption leads to the mismanagement of climate funds and hinders effective policy-making. Reports indicate that high levels of corruption deter environmental progress and exacerbate global heating consequences. Global Corruption Landscape: A total of 148 countries have either stagnated or worsened in their corruption levels since 2012. Corruption is framed as a significant barrier to democracy, stability, and human rights protections globally. Call to Action: The report urges the international community to prioritize combating corruption. It emphasizes the need for concrete actions to address corruption to ensure sustainable development and democratic resilience Q: Why is combating corruption emphasized in the report? To promote economic growth To address climate change To ensure sustainable development and democratic resilience To reduce poverty Answer: c) To ensure sustainable development and democratic resilience FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting livestock, leading to significant economic repercussions. In response, the Union Government has implemented several measures, outlined below: National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP): Launched in 2019, this initiative offers 100% central assistance to states and Union Territories for FMD vaccination. As of 2021, NADCP has been incorporated into the Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme (LHDCP). Centralized Procurement and Supply: The government oversees the procurement and supply of quality FMD vaccines and ear tags for states and Union Territories. Financial Support for States and UTs: Financial assistance is provided for the purchase of vaccination accessories, enhancement of cold chain infrastructure, and awareness initiatives for stakeholders. Support for Research Institutions: Financial backing is extended to various research institutions, including the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), National Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (NIFMD) in Bhubaneswar, Indian Veterinary Research Institutes (IVRI) in Bareilly and Bengaluru, and the National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) in Bengaluru, for FMD-related activities. Data Management: Data on livestock registration using ear tags and vaccination records is uploaded to the Bharat Pashudhan portal. Vaccination Statistics: As of January 2025, a total of 107.34 crore vaccinations against FMD have been administered under the NADCP. The vaccinations have been conducted in rounds, with the following figures: 16.91 crore for Round I, 24.18 crore for Round II, 24.23 crore for Round III, and 24.84 crore for Round IV. Rounds V and VI are currently underway, with 14.89 crore and 2.29 crore vaccinations completed, respectively. Review Mechanisms: On August 17, 2024, the Department conducted a review to assess progress towards achieving an FMD-free Bharat. Regional review meetings are organized twice a year, gathering representatives from all states and Union Territories to evaluate ongoing initiatives, address challenges, and share best practices. Additionally, national meetings, such as the monsoon meet and various conclaves, are held to review FMD control measures with state and UT officials. Reduction in Outbreaks: There has been a notable decline in FMD outbreaks, dropping by over 60% in the five years following the implementation of NADCP. Recent outbreaks are sporadic and generally affect a limited number of animals. Surveillance and Monitoring: Timely sampling plans are shared with states, while seromonitoring indicates an increasing trend in protective titres. Additionally, serosurveillance values are demonstrating a decreasing trend, highlighting the success of the vaccination program. Support under LHDCP: The LHDCP offers 100% assistance to all states and Union Territories for controlling and eradicating FMD in accordance with the scheme’s operational guidelines. Although establishing FMD-free zones is viewed as an intermediate measure tailored to regional needs, currently, nine states—Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Uttarakhand—have been identified for special focus to achieve FMD-free status. Further expansion to include additional states will depend on specific needs and circumstances. Q) What is the name of the organization providing financial backing to research institutions under the FMD control program? Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) National Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (NIFMD) Indian Veterinary Research Institutes (IVRI) National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Answer: a) Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) IIT Madras and ISRO Develop IRIS Chip The Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) have achieved a significant milestone in semiconductor technology with the development and successful testing of an aerospace-quality SHAKTI-based semiconductor chip named IRIS (Indigenous RISC-V Controller for Space Applications). This endeavor is part of India’s broader push towards self-reliance in technology, in alignment with the ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat‘mission. Background of the SHAKTI Project The SHAKTI project, under the ‘Digital India RISC-V’ initiative, is backed by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. This initiative focuses on fostering the indigenous development of microprocessor-based products. RISC-V, an open-source Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), provides the flexibility and security necessary for crafting tailor-made processors. Development Process of the IRIS Chip Designed by the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) in Thiruvananthapuram and implemented by IIT Madras, the entire process of chip