Author: karthik

Towards a Cancer-Free India Introduction Cancer remains a significant public health challenge in India, with projections indicating a rise in cases. In 2023, estimates suggest over 1.4 million cancer cases were reported. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and its National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) play a crucial role in tracking cancer trends and informing policy decisions. The government is committed to strengthening cancer care through various policies, interventions, and financial assistance schemes. Union Budget 2025-26: A Focus on Cancer Care The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare receives a substantial allocation of Rs. 99,858.56 crore in the Union Budget 2025-26, demonstrating the government’s commitment to healthcare. Specific initiatives targeting cancer care include: Day Care Cancer Centers: Expansion of accessible treatment options through the establishment of Day Care Cancer Centers in district hospitals, aiming for 200 centers in 2025-26. Customs Duty Exemptions: Reducing the financial burden of treatment by exempting 36 lifesaving drugs and medicines for cancer and other diseases from Basic Customs Duty (BCD), offering concessional customs duty of 5% for six lifesaving medicines, and providing full BCD exemptions for specified drugs and medicines under Patient Assistance Programmes. Holistic Cancer Control: Key Government Programs The Indian government employs a multi-pronged approach to combat cancer, centered around the following programs: National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS): This program focuses on the prevention, early detection, and management of non-communicable diseases, including oral, breast, and cervical cancers. Key components include: Cancer Screening: Implementing screening programs for oral, breast, and cervical cancers at the community level. Early Detection & Awareness: Raising public awareness through health workers and digital platforms. Infrastructure Strengthening: Establishing Tertiary Cancer Centers (TCCs) and State Cancer Institutes (SCIs). The NPCDCS has led to the establishment of numerous facilities nationwide, improving access to cancer screenings and care. 770 District NCD Clinics 233 Cardiac Care Units 372 District Day Care Centres 6,410 Community Health Centre NCD Clinics Strengthening of Tertiary Care for Cancer Scheme: This scheme enhances specialized cancer care facilities to improve access to treatment across states. It has led to the establishment of 19 State Cancer Institutes (SCIs) and 20 Tertiary Care Cancer Centres (TCCCs).  Additionally, institutions like the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Jhajjar, Haryana, and the Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI) in Kolkata are providing cutting-edge treatment and research opportunities. Ayushman Bharat Yojana: This initiative provides universal health coverage, particularly for vulnerable populations. It ensures timely treatment for cancer patients and covers chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical oncology. As of 2024, over 90% of registered cancer patients have commenced treatment under this scheme. The Health Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund (HMCPF): This fund provides financial assistance up to ₹5 lakh (potentially ₹15 Lakh) for cancer treatment to patients below the poverty line at 27 Regional Cancer Centres (RCCs). National Cancer Grid (NCG): This network ensures standardized, high-quality cancer care across India. With 287 member organizations, the NCG treats over 750,000 new cancer patients annually, representing over 60% of India’s cancer burden. It collaborates with Ayushman Bharat – PMJAY to streamline treatment costs and has contributed to the development of electronic health records. Advancing Cancer Research and Treatment India is making strides in cancer research and treatment, exemplified by the following: India’s First Indigenous CAR-T Cell Therapy: NexCAR19: This ground-breaking therapy, developed through a collaboration between IIT Bombay, Tata Memorial Centre, and ImmunoACT, offers an affordable and effective treatment for blood cancers. Quad Cancer Moon-shot Initiative: A partnership between India, the US, Australia, and Japan to eliminate cervical cancer across the Indo-Pacific region. The initiative focuses on scaling up screening and vaccination programs, advancing research, and strengthening global collaboration. Expansion of ACTREC: The Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer (ACTREC) is undergoing a major expansion to revolutionize cancer research, treatment, and patient care. Awareness Generation The Indian government is actively working to raise awareness about cancer prevention and treatment through: Community Awareness: Strengthening preventive measures through Ayushman Aarogya Mandir by promoting wellness activities and targeted communication. Media Campaigns: Utilizing print, electronic, and social media to increase public awareness. Government Support: Providing funds to states for awareness programs under the National Health Mission (NHM). Healthy Eating Promotion: Encouraging nutritious food choices through the Eat Right India campaign. Fitness Initiatives: Promoting physical activity through the Fit India Movement and yoga programs by the Ministry of AYUSH. Conclusion India is making significant progress in its fight against cancer through comprehensive policies, expanded healthcare infrastructure, financial assistance schemes, and advancements in research and treatment. The Union Budget 2025-26 highlights the government’s commitment to strengthening cancer care, improving access to treatment, and reducing financial burdens on patients.  While challenges remain in ensuring equitable access and early detection, continued investment in awareness, lifestyle interventions, and technology-driven solutions will be crucial for building a comprehensive and inclusive cancer care system in India. Q: What is the goal of the Health Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund (HMCPF)? To reduce the financial burden of treatment. To provide financial assistance up to ₹5 lakh (potentially ₹15 Lakh) for cancer treatment to patients below the poverty line at 27 Regional Cancer Centres (RCCs). To operate Day Care Cancer Centres in district hospitals. Correct Answer: To provide financial assistance up to ₹5 lakh (potentially ₹15 Lakh) for cancer treatment to patients below the poverty line at 27 Regional Cancer Centres (RCCs). Sagar Island Climate change, particularly rising sea levels and erosion, on Sagar Island in West Bengal’s Sundarbans, specifically focusing on the annual Gangasagar Mela and the threats to the Kapil Muni temple. It also touches upon the political dimensions of the event, the local community’s struggles, and the Centre-State dynamics regarding financial assistance. Key Points: Gangasagar Mela: Annual religious fair held on Sagar Island during Makar Sankranti. Attracts lakhs of pilgrims to take a holy dip at the confluence of the Ganga and the sea. West Bengal government promotes the event and provides arrangements. State government claims high pilgrim footfall (over a crore), but this is questioned. Demands for the

Global Corruption Index Introduction The index, which ranks 180 countries by their perceived levels of public sector corruption uses a scale of zero to 100, where “zero” is highly corrupt and “100” is very clean. Overall Results: Denmark ranks as the least corrupt country globally. South Sudan ranks as the most corrupt country with a score of only 8 points. The CPI ranks 180 countries and territories based on perceived public sector corruption, using a scale from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). India’s Ranking: India is ranked 96th, dropping three positions from 93rd in the previous year. India’s CPI score decreased from 39 in 2023 to 38 in 2024. Neighboring Countries’ Rankings: Pakistan: 135th position. Sri Lanka: 121st position. Bangladesh: 149th position. China: 76th position. Trends in Global Rankings: Major global powers like the United States and France saw declines in their CPI scores. The U.S. score dropped from 69 to 65, ranking 28th, down from 24th. France slipped four points to 67, now at 25th. Russia’s score further declined, reflecting ongoing authoritarianism post-invasion of Ukraine. Corruption’s Broader Impacts: The report emphasizes the interplay between corruption and climate change efforts. Corruption leads to the mismanagement of climate funds and hinders effective policy-making. Reports indicate that high levels of corruption deter environmental progress and exacerbate global heating consequences. Global Corruption Landscape: A total of 148 countries have either stagnated or worsened in their corruption levels since 2012. Corruption is framed as a significant barrier to democracy, stability, and human rights protections globally. Call to Action: The report urges the international community to prioritize combating corruption. It emphasizes the need for concrete actions to address corruption to ensure sustainable development and democratic resilience Q: Why is combating corruption emphasized in the report? To promote economic growth To address climate change To ensure sustainable development and democratic resilience To reduce poverty Answer: c) To ensure sustainable development and democratic resilience FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting livestock, leading to significant economic repercussions. In response, the Union Government has implemented several measures, outlined below: National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP): Launched in 2019, this initiative offers 100% central assistance to states and Union Territories for FMD vaccination. As of 2021, NADCP has been incorporated into the Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme (LHDCP). Centralized Procurement and Supply: The government oversees the procurement and supply of quality FMD vaccines and ear tags for states and Union Territories. Financial Support for States and UTs: Financial assistance is provided for the purchase of vaccination accessories, enhancement of cold chain infrastructure, and awareness initiatives for stakeholders. Support for Research Institutions: Financial backing is extended to various research institutions, including the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), National Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (NIFMD) in Bhubaneswar, Indian Veterinary Research Institutes (IVRI) in Bareilly and Bengaluru, and the National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) in Bengaluru, for FMD-related activities. Data Management: Data on livestock registration using ear tags and vaccination records is uploaded to the Bharat Pashudhan portal. Vaccination Statistics: As of January 2025, a total of 107.34 crore vaccinations against FMD have been administered under the NADCP. The vaccinations have been conducted in rounds, with the following figures: 16.91 crore for Round I, 24.18 crore for Round II, 24.23 crore for Round III, and 24.84 crore for Round IV. Rounds V and VI are currently underway, with 14.89 crore and 2.29 crore vaccinations completed, respectively. Review Mechanisms: On August 17, 2024, the Department conducted a review to assess progress towards achieving an FMD-free Bharat. Regional review meetings are organized twice a year, gathering representatives from all states and Union Territories to evaluate ongoing initiatives, address challenges, and share best practices. Additionally, national meetings, such as the monsoon meet and various conclaves, are held to review FMD control measures with state and UT officials. Reduction in Outbreaks: There has been a notable decline in FMD outbreaks, dropping by over 60% in the five years following the implementation of NADCP. Recent outbreaks are sporadic and generally affect a limited number of animals. Surveillance and Monitoring: Timely sampling plans are shared with states, while seromonitoring indicates an increasing trend in protective titres. Additionally, serosurveillance values are demonstrating a decreasing trend, highlighting the success of the vaccination program. Support under LHDCP: The LHDCP offers 100% assistance to all states and Union Territories for controlling and eradicating FMD in accordance with the scheme’s operational guidelines. Although establishing FMD-free zones is viewed as an intermediate measure tailored to regional needs, currently, nine states—Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Uttarakhand—have been identified for special focus to achieve FMD-free status. Further expansion to include additional states will depend on specific needs and circumstances. Q) What is the name of the organization providing financial backing to research institutions under the FMD control program? Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) National Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (NIFMD) Indian Veterinary Research Institutes (IVRI) National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Answer: a) Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) IIT Madras and ISRO Develop IRIS Chip The Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) have achieved a significant milestone in semiconductor technology with the development and successful testing of an aerospace-quality SHAKTI-based semiconductor chip named IRIS (Indigenous RISC-V Controller for Space Applications). This endeavor is part of India’s broader push towards self-reliance in technology, in alignment with the ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat‘mission. Background of the SHAKTI Project The SHAKTI project, under the ‘Digital India RISC-V’ initiative, is backed by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. This initiative focuses on fostering the indigenous development of microprocessor-based products. RISC-V, an open-source Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), provides the flexibility and security necessary for crafting tailor-made processors. Development Process of the IRIS Chip Designed by the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) in Thiruvananthapuram and implemented by IIT Madras, the entire process of chip

India-UK Defence Collaboration Introduction India and the United Kingdom have signed multiple agreements aimed at enhancing bilateral defence collaboration. Key Agreements and Collaborations in India-UK Defence Partnership Defence Partnership–India (DP-I):  The UK’s Ministry of Defence has established a dedicated programme office aimed at serving as a centralized hub for bilateral defence collaboration, promoting deeper cooperation and fostering economic growth in both nations. Laser Beam Riding MANPADs (LBRM):  India and the UK have entered into a contract for the procurement of Laser Beam Riding Man Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). The initial delivery of High Velocity Missiles (STARStreak) and associated launchers is scheduled for this year. Lightweight Multirole Missiles (LMM):  This initiative seeks to integrate Indian and British industries into the global defence supply chain, enhancing collaborative efforts in missile technology. Advanced Short-Range Air-to-Air Missile (ASRAAM):  A partnership has been established to create an assembly and testing facility for the ASRAAM missile in Hyderabad, promoting local manufacturing capabilities. Integrated Full Electric Propulsion (IFEP) System:  A Statement of Intent was signed to design and develop an Integrated Full Electric Propulsion (IFEP) system for India’s forthcoming Landing Platform Dock (LPD) fleet. Both nations are also aiming to create India’s inaugural maritime Land-Based Testing Facility, with objectives to deploy the LPD by 2030. Key Challenges India-UK defence cooperation has faced obstacles due to the ‘three-I’ challenge, which includes: Foreign Investment regulations Intellectual Property Rights concerns Indigenous Content Requirements The agreements signify a crucial advancement in India-UK defence collaboration, particularly in essential domains like air defence and maritime propulsion. They align with India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) initiative, emphasizing the enhancement of indigenous defense capabilities and technological progress. Q: Which of the following factors has posed a challenge to India-UK defense cooperation? Currency Exchange Rates The ‘three-I’ challenge: Foreign Investment, Intellectual Property Rights, and Indigenous Content Requirements Language Barriers Geographical Distance Answer: B) The ‘three-I’ challenge: Foreign Investment, Intellectual Property Rights, and Indigenous Content Requirements India’s Pharmaceutical Exports Set for 10x Growth Introduction India’s pharmaceutical exports are anticipated to soar to $350 billion by 2047, representing a 10-15 times increase from current levels. Overview of India’s Pharmaceutical Industry Recognized internationally as the “Pharmacy of the World,” India’s pharmaceutical industry has played a pivotal role in supplying vaccines, essential medicines, and medical supplies during the COVID-19 pandemic and continues to do so. The sector has demonstrated significant innovative capabilities, solidifying its position as a vital component of the global pharmaceutical value chain. Current Global Market Status India stands as the largest global supplier of generic drugs, contributing 20% to worldwide sales. India ranks third in terms of drug and pharmaceutical production by volume. Exports span approximately 200 countries and territories. The primary export destinations include the USA, Belgium, South Africa, the UK, and Brazil. Despite being a key global player in generics, India ranks 11th in terms of pharmaceutical export value. The total annual turnover of pharmaceuticals in FY24 was ₹4.17 lakh crore, reflecting an average growth rate of 10.1% over the past five years. Export Projections India’s pharmaceutical exports are expected to rise from $27 billion in 2023 to $65 billion by 2030. This growth is anticipated to shift from volume-based to value-driven strategies, focusing on key areas such as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), biosimilars, and specialty generics. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API): India’s API exports are projected to grow from $5 billion to $80-90 billion by 2047.Global supply chain diversification, particularly in light of the U.S. Biosecure Act, presents an opportunity for India to bolster API production. Biosimilars: Current biosimilar exports are valued at $0.8 billion, with expectations to increase fivefold to $4.2 billion by 2030, and to $30-35 billion by 2047. This growth will be supported by enhanced R&D, regulatory simplifications, and capacity expansions. Biosimilars are medications that closely resemble biologic drugs created through living systems, showcasing comparable structure and functionality. Generic Formulations: Accounting for 70% of India’s pharmaceutical exports, generic formulations are valued at $19 billion. These exports are projected to grow to $180-190 billion by 2047, with a notable shift towards higher-margin specialty generics. Policy and Strategic Measures The Indian government has initiated several programs to promote the pharmaceutical sector and stimulate investment: In September 2020, the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme was introduced for the pharmaceutical sector as part of the Self-Reliant India initiative, with a budget of ₹15,000 crore allocated from 2020-2021 to 2028-29. Targeted policy measures are vital, including strengthening the API industry, addressing export barriers, and developing country-specific export strategies. India supplies 55-60% of UNICEF’s vaccines but should aim to expand its presence in high-value markets through clinical trials and manufacturing investments. Key enablers for growth include regulatory harmonization, expansion of PLI, and R&D incentives. Challenges India faces several obstacles, including issues related to intellectual property rights and limited R&D capabilities. It is crucial to understand the political, economic, sociocultural, technological, environmental, and legal factors when assessing the opportunities and challenges within the Indian pharmaceutical market. Conclusion and Future Outlook As a global leader in generic drug supply, India aims to ascend the value chain by focusing on specialty generics, biosimilars, and innovative products. This strategic shift could position India among the top five nations in export value by 2047. With aspirations to become the “healthcare custodian of the world,” the nation is prioritizing innovation, R&D, and regulatory improvements. Collaboration between academia, industry, and government will be essential in establishing a robust, globally competitive pharmaceutical sector. Q) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding India’s position in the global pharmaceutical market? India ranks first in terms of pharmaceutical export value. India is the largest global supplier of generic drugs, accounting for 20% of global sales. India does not export pharmaceuticals to many countries. India ranks fourth in drug production by volume. Answer: B) India is the largest global supplier of generic drugs, accounting for 20% of global sales. 63rd session of the Commission for Social Development (CSoCD) India participated in the 63rd session of the Commission for Social Development (CSoCD) held from February 10 to 14,