Author: karthik

National Waterways (Construction of Jetties / Terminals) Regulations, 2025 Syllabus: GS3/ Economy The Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW) has introduced a new set of regulations, formulated by the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), aimed at streamlining the development and operation of India’s inland waterways network.   Key Highlights of the National Waterways (Construction of Jetties/Terminals) Regulations, 2025 These regulations are designed to enhance private sector participation in the development of inland waterway terminals. Any entity, including private players, seeking to develop or operate an inland waterway terminal must obtain a No Objection Certificate (NoC) from IWAI. The regulations apply to both new and existing terminals, covering both permanent and temporary installations. Permanent terminals can be operated for their entire lifetime by the developer. Temporary terminals will be granted an initial five-year operational term, with an option for extensions. Developers and operators bear full responsibility for technical design, construction, and ensuring adequate access to the terminal, aligning with their business objectives. Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI): A Brief Overview Established: 1986 under the Inland Waterways Authority of India Act, 1985. Primary Role: Development, maintenance, and regulation of National Waterways under the National Waterways Act, 2016. Headquarters: Noida, Uttar Pradesh.   Significance of Inland Waterways Reducing Logistics Costs India’s logistics costs account for 14% of GDP, significantly higher than the global average of 8-10%. Enhancing waterway infrastructure will help bring these costs down, making trade more competitive. Decongestion of Transport Networks Shifting cargo movement to inland waterways will ease congestion on road and rail networks, reducing traffic bottlenecks. Eco-Friendly Mode of Transport Lower fuel consumption and reduced emissions make inland waterways a more sustainable transport solution. This aligns with India’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and climate action commitments. Economic Growth & Trade Expansion The volume of cargo transported via National Waterways has increased from 18 million tonnes to 133 million tonnes in FY 2023-24. Improved inland waterway infrastructure will boost trade, especially in regions near National Waterways.   Government Initiatives for Inland Waterways Development Jalvahak Scheme Provides direct incentives to cargo owners using inland waterways for distances exceeding 300 km. Offers reimbursement of up to 35% of total operating costs incurred during cargo transportation. Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP) Aims to develop National Waterway-1 (NW-1) with modern infrastructure and terminals. Sagarmala Project Focuses on the integration of inland waterways with coastal shipping and major ports. Freight Village Development Establishes logistics hubs near key waterways to enhance multimodal transport connectivity.   Conclusion The National Waterways (Construction of Jetties/Terminals) Regulations, 2025 represent a significant policy shift aimed at boosting private sector participation, reducing logistics costs, and promoting eco-friendly cargo transport. With the rapid digitization of waterway operations and strong government policy support, these reforms will play a crucial role in making India’s inland waterways a viable and competitive transport network. Consider the following statements regarding the National Waterways (Construction of Jetties/Terminals) Regulations, 2025: Private players are required to obtain a license from the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW) to develop inland waterway terminals. Permanent terminals are granted operational rights for a maximum of 20 years. Temporary terminals are granted an initial operational period of five years, with a possibility of extension. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (A) 1 and 2 only(B) 2 and 3 only(C) 3 only(D) 1, 2, and 3 Answer: (C) 3 only Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect: Private players need to obtain a No Objection Certificate (NoC) from IWAI, not a license from MoPSW. Statement 2 is incorrect: Permanent terminals can be operated for their entire lifetime without a fixed limit like 20 years. Statement 3 is correct: Temporary terminals are granted an initial five-year term with an option for extension. Challenges Ahead of Women Panchayat Members in India Syllabus: GS2/Social Issues; Issues Related to Women; Governance Introduction The Ministry of Panchayati Raj has recently identified key reasons why male relatives of elected women representatives (EWRs) often act as proxies, undermining their autonomy in governance. Despite constitutional provisions for women’s representation, several socio-political and structural challenges persist.   Women’s Participation in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, marked a watershed moment in India’s governance by mandating one-third reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). Over time, several states extended this reservation to 50%, leading to the election of over 1.45 million women representatives at the grassroots level.   Key Challenges Faced by Women Panchayat Members Patriarchal Mindset and ‘Sarpanch Pati Syndrome’ Many male family members (husbands, fathers, brothers) act as de facto decision-makers, reducing elected women to mere figureheads. This practice, known as ‘Sarpanch Pati Syndrome’, is particularly prevalent in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Bihar. Lack of Political Training and Awareness Many EWRs lack knowledge of governance structures, policy-making, and financial planning. This makes them dependent on male counterparts or bureaucrats for decision-making. Resistance from Bureaucracy and Male Counterparts Bureaucratic bias often results in officials not taking women leaders seriously. Delays in fund allocation and policy implementation weaken women-led governance. Financial Dependence and Economic Disempowerment Economic dependence on male family members restricts women’s ability to act independently in politics. Limited access to financial resources and micro-credit schemes further constrains their decision-making power. Gender-Based Violence and Intimidation Women leaders face harassment, verbal abuse, and physical threats from opposing male politicians or dominant caste groups. In extreme cases, women are coerced into resigning due to social pressure or violence. Dual Burden of Work and Household Responsibilities Women leaders struggle to balance political responsibilities with domestic duties such as childcare and agricultural work. Societal norms prioritize household responsibilities, limiting women’s engagement in governance. Social and Caste-Based Discrimination Women from marginalized communities (Dalits, Adivasis, and OBCs) face intersectional discrimination in political spaces. This is particularly severe in states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Haryana.   Benefits of Strengthening Women’s Leadership in PRIs Improved Governance and Policy Implementation Example: In Kudumbashree (Kerala), empowered women leaders played a critical role in poverty alleviation and welfare schemes. Gender-Responsive Policies and Better Representation Example:

25th Anniversary of Jahan-e-Khusrau Sufi Music Festival Syllabus: GS1/History Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi attended the Sufi Music Festival, Jahan-e-Khusrau 2025, a major international event celebrating the rich heritage of Sufi music, poetry, and spirituality. Jahan-e-Khusrau Festival – A Confluence of Mysticism and Art A globally renowned festival dedicated to Sufi music, poetry, and dance. Celebrates the contributions of Amir Khusrau, the poet-musician and disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya. Features artists from across the world, highlighting the global impact of Sufi traditions. Organized by the Rumi Foundation, founded by filmmaker Muzaffar Ali in 2001. During the festival, the Prime Minister visited TEH Bazaar (The Exploration of the Handmade), a platform showcasing One District-One Product (ODOP) crafts and traditional Indian artifacts. Amir Khusrau – The Parrot of India The most cherished disciple of the Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya of the Chishti Order. Served five Delhi Sultans: Muizuddin Qaiqabad Jalaluddin Khalji (who granted him the title ‘Amir’) Alauddin Khalji Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Renowned for his Persian poetry, he was also a master of Hindavi, a precursor to modern Hindi and Urdu. Legacy in Indian Classical Music: Innovated Khayal and Tarana music forms. Developed several new ragas. Considered a pioneer of Qawwali, the devotional Sufi music tradition. Sufism – The Mystical Dimension of Islam Origins and Evolution Sufism emerged as a mystical school of thought in Islam during the 9th-10th century in the Middle East. It emphasizes inner purity, divine love, and spiritual enlightenment through meditation and prayer. Historically flourished in regions like Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Turkey, and Arabia. In India: Sufism arrived in the 11th-12th centuries through Arab traders and later expanded with the arrival of Sufi saints. Sufi Orders in India Chishti Order (Most influential): Introduced by Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer. Prominent Saints: Nizamuddin Auliya, Nasiruddin Chiragh Delhi, Sheikh Burhanuddin Gharib, Mohammad Banda Nawaz. Suhrawardi Order: Founded by Shahabuddin Suhrawardi. Combined mysticism with worldly knowledge and affairs. Flourished in Punjab and Multan, but unlike the Chishtis, they did not advocate extreme asceticism. Naqshbandi Order: Introduced by Khawaja Bahauddin Naqshbandi. Advocated strict adherence to Islamic law (Shariah). Did not support Akbar’s syncretic religious policies, unlike the Chishtis. Qadri Order: Became prominent under the Mughal empire. Advocated Wahdat-al-Wajood (Unity of Being – God and creation are one). Notable Figures in Sufism: Jahanara Begum (daughter of Shah Jahan). Dara Shikoh (Akbar’s great-grandson, known for his syncretic beliefs). Sufism and Music – The Spiritual Connection Sama: A spiritual gathering where music and dance are used as a means of mystical union with God. Whirling Dervishes: Represent the soul’s journey toward God. Dhikr: The repetition of divine names, often accompanied by music. Poetry and Song: Sufi poets such as Rumi, Hafiz, and Bulleh Shah expressed divine love through their music and verse. Sufism’s Legacy in India Sufism played a crucial role in integrating Hindu and Muslim traditions, fostering spiritual harmony. It significantly contributed to the Bhakti movement, influencing saints like Kabir, Guru Nanak, Namdev, and Tukaram. Promoted religious tolerance and peaceful coexistence. Emphasized the concept of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ (the world as one family). Key Terms in Sufism Tariqa: The spiritual order or path. Pir: A Sufi master. Sheikh (Murshid): A spiritual teacher. Murid: A disciple. Khanqah: A Sufi retreat. Qalb: The heart, the spiritual center. Wali: A saint. Muraqaba: Meditation on God. With reference to Amir Khusrau, consider the following statements: He served in the courts of six Delhi Sultans. He is credited with pioneering Qawwali in India. He wrote exclusively in Persian and did not use Hindavi. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 and 2 only(b) 2 only(c) 1 and 3 only(d) 2 and 3 only Answer: (a) 1 and 2 onlyExplanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. He served five Sultans, not six. Statement 2 is correct. He played a key role in developing Qawwali. Statement 3 is incorrect. He wrote in both Persian and Hindavi. Cabinet Nod To Revised Waqf Bill (2024) Syllabus: GS2/Governance Context: The Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister of India, has approved the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024, with key recommendations from the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC). This bill aims to strengthen the regulation, administration, and transparency of Waqf properties while addressing long-standing disputes and inefficiencies in their management.   Background: Waqf & Its Legal Framework The Waqf Act, 1995, governs the administration of Waqf properties, which are charitable endowments made by Muslims for religious, educational, or welfare purposes. The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024, introduces reforms to enhance efficiency, prevent encroachment, and improve governance of these properties.   Key Amendments in the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024 Strengthening Regulation of Waqf Properties: Introduces a stricter legal framework to prevent encroachment and misuse of Waqf lands. Empowers state authorities to regulate Waqf assets with more clarity. Administrative Overhaul: Assigns the functions of the Survey Commissioner to the District Collector or an officer not below the rank of Deputy Collector for conducting Waqf property surveys. Aims to expedite the identification and legal recognition of Waqf lands. Enhanced Government Oversight: Expands central and state government roles in monitoring Waqf Boards. Could introduce provisions for better coordination and auditing mechanisms. Transparency & Digital Records: Mandates compulsory digitization of Waqf properties. Aims to curb corruption and mismanagement through real-time digital tracking.   Key Changes Recommended by the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) Inclusion of Women & OBC Representation: Mandates two Muslim women members in: State Waqf Boards (Section 14) Central Waqf Council (Section 9) Includes one OBC Muslim representative in State Waqf Boards for broader community representation. Separate Waqf Boards for Specific Communities: State governments may establish separate Waqf Boards for: Aghakhani community Bohra community Aims to address community-specific governance issues. Protection of Women’s Inheritance Rights: Ensures that in family Waqfs (Waqf Alal Aulad), women receive their rightful inheritance share. A waqif (donor) can dedicate property only after ensuring female heirs’ legal entitlement. Dispute Resolution Mechanism: District Collectors will adjudicate disputes on whether a property is Waqf or belongs to the government. Designed to reduce prolonged legal battles and streamline resolution. Technology

Aadhaar Good Governance Portal The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has introduced the Aadhaar Good Governance portal to streamline the approval process for Aadhaar authentication requests. This initiative is designed to enhance ease of living and improve access to public services for citizens. Objective of the Portal The portal facilitates the submission and approval of Aadhaar authentication requests, ensuring a more efficient process for both government and non-government entities. It aligns with the broader goal of enhancing transparency, inclusivity, and accessibility in service delivery. Legislative Framework The portal’s launch follows the amendment of the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits, and Services) Act, 2016. The amendment, notified in January 2025, expands the scope of Aadhaar authentication, allowing various entities to use it for public interest services and improving overall service delivery. Boosting India’s Digital Economy Aadhaar has established itself as a globally recognized and trusted digital identity. With over a billion users and more than 100 billion authentications over the past decade, it continues to play a crucial role in India’s digital economy by enabling seamless, resident-centric services. Benefits for Users and Service Providers The recent amendment allows Aadhaar number holders to access services across diverse sectors such as healthcare, hospitality, e-commerce, and education. Service providers can leverage Aadhaar authentication for customer onboarding, e-KYC verification, and staff attendance management, ensuring a secure and efficient user experience. User Guidance and Future Enhancements The Aadhaar Good Governance portal will offer a detailed guide for entities seeking authentication, including Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for application and onboarding. Future updates may include advanced features such as face authentication for customer-facing applications, further improving the authentication process. With reference to the Aadhaar Good Governance portal, consider the following statements: The portal has been launched by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) to streamline the approval process for Aadhaar authentication requests. It ensures that only government entities can use Aadhaar authentication for public service delivery.   The portal aims to enhance transparency, inclusivity, and efficiency in authentication procedures. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 1 and 3 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 2 only(d) 1, 2, and 3 Answer: (a) 1 and 3 onlyExplanation: Statement 1 is correct. The Aadhaar Good Governance portal is an initiative of MeitY to facilitate Aadhaar authentication approvals. Statement 2 is incorrect. The amendment allows both government and non-government entities to use Aadhaar authentication for public interest services, not just government agencies. Statement 3 is correct. The portal aims to improve transparency, inclusivity, and accessibility in authentication services. Hague Service Convention: The recent developments involving the SEC’s request for assistance under the Hague Service Convention to serve summons on Gautam Adani and Sagar Adani highlight significant cross-border legal issues surrounding allegations of bribery linked to the Adani Group’s solar projects. The U.S. government’s focus on this case, especially following charges from the U.S. Department of Justice regarding a substantial bribery scheme, underscores the increased scrutiny on international financial practices and compliance with anti-corruption laws. Overview of the Hague Service Convention The Hague Service Convention is a crucial legal framework facilitating international judicial cooperation, ensuring defendants are informed of legal proceedings in a timely manner. With 84 member states, including India and the U.S., the Convention provides a structured approach for serving legal documents across borders. Procedures for Document Service Service requests are generally made through designated central authorities, though some form of service through postal channels or direct communication between officials is permissible depending on the country’s implementation preferences. In India, the Ministry of Law and Justice handles such matters, and the requirements for service are strict, demanding that documents be in English or accompanied by an English translation. India’s Reservations India’s membership in the Convention came with reservations regarding alternative service methods, which limits the use of diplomatic channels for serving documents. This may complicate the SEC’s efforts to effectively notify the Adani brothers of the allegations against them. Legal Interpretations and Challenges The debate surrounding alternative service methods, such as email and social media, adds another layer of complexity. U.S. courts have issued mixed rulings on this issue, reflecting the divergent interpretations of what constitutes valid service in cross-border legal contexts. This inconsistency may lead to challenges in enforcing any judgments or decisions resulting from the SEC’s investigation. Default Judgments Considerations If the Adanis do not cooperate with the service request, the Convention allows for default judgments to be issued after specific conditions are met. Notably, if the SEC’s documents are not serviced within six months, the ability to secure a default ruling becomes viable, contingent on adhering to the prescribed service methods. Implications for the Adani Case The timing of this SEC request is particularly noteworthy as it coincides with a broader investigation into corporate governance and compliance practices across major corporations. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s characterization of the matter as “personal” adds a political dimension, which could influence India’s response to the SEC’s request. The response could set a precedent for how India handles international legal requests in cases involving high-profile individuals and significant allegations. Conclusion The unfolding of the SEC’s case against the Adani Group represents not only a critical moment for the individuals involved but also for the integrity of international legal cooperation. As both countries navigate the complexities of the Hague Service Convention and the implications of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the outcome will likely impact future cross-border legal interactions, especially concerning corporate governance and accountability. The response from the Indian government and ensuing legal rights asserted by the Adani brothers will play a pivotal role in shaping the course of this investigation. With reference to the Hague Service Convention, consider the following statements: It was established in 1965 to facilitate cross-border judicial cooperation by ensuring proper service of legal documents. The Convention permits service of judicial documents through diplomatic channels even when the recipient is not a national of the requesting state. India, despite being a signatory, has made reservations

AI Revolution in Indian Agriculture Subject Agriculture Microsoft Chairman Satya Nadella recently highlighted the transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in agriculture through Project Farm Vibes (PFV) in Baramati, Maharashtra. The project has led to a 40% increase in crop yields while reducing resource consumption. What is Project Farm Vibes? About: Project Farm Vibes is an AI-driven initiative developed by Microsoft Research in collaboration with the Agricultural Development Trust, Baramati (MH). It is an open-source AI suite designed to provide data-driven insights to farmers and researchers, enhancing productivity and sustainability. Technologies Used: Azure Data Manager for Agriculture – Aggregates satellite, weather, and sensor data for a comprehensive view of field conditions. AI – Uses AI and machine learning to analyze soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and pH, offering precision farming recommendations. AI – Provides real-time, personalized insights in local languages, assisting farmers in sustainable farming practices. Impact of Project Farm Vibes: 40% increase in crop production, leading to healthier and more resilient crops. 25% reduction in fertilizer costs through AI-guided precision fertilization. 50% less water consumption, ensuring sustainable irrigation practices. 12% decrease in post-harvest wastage, improving profitability. Environmental benefits, including reduced chemical runoff, soil erosion, greenhouse gas emissions, and deforestation. How is AI Revolutionizing Indian Agriculture? Smart Irrigation AI helps address water scarcity through soil moisture and climate analysis, optimizing irrigation schedules. AI-integrated drip and sprinkler irrigation systems under the “Per Drop More Crop” scheme enhance water efficiency. IoT-based irrigation solutions, developed by ICAR, automate water supply based on real-time field conditions, minimizing wastage. Pest & Weed Control The National Pest Surveillance System leverages AI to monitor pest activity and provide real-time alerts. AI-powered weed detection uses computer vision to distinguish weeds from crops, enabling targeted herbicide application and reducing chemical use. Economic Impact of AI in Agriculture The AI in agriculture market is projected to grow from USD 1.7 billion in 2023 to USD 4.7 billion by 2028, with a CAGR of 23.1%. Growth is driven by advancements in precision farming, drone analytics, and labor management. Initiatives like Kisan e-Mitra, an AI-powered chatbot, assist farmers with queries about the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi scheme. Challenges in AI Adoption in Agriculture Lack of Awareness Many farmers, especially in rural India, lack digital literacy, limiting large-scale AI adoption. High Implementation Costs AI solutions such as drones, IoT sensors, and automated irrigation systems require significant investment. 85% of Indian farmers are small and marginal, making affordability a major barrier. Infrastructure Gaps Unreliable internet connectivity in rural areas restricts access to AI-powered platforms. Out of 5,97,618 inhabited villages in India, 25,067 villages still lack mobile connectivity and internet access. Data Availability and Quality AI relies on real-time and historical agricultural data for accurate predictions. Incomplete or inaccurate data reduces AI effectiveness in farming. Limited Customization AI models need to be tailored to India’s diverse agro-climatic conditions. More research is required to develop region-specific AI solutions. Way Forward: AI-Driven Future of Indian Agriculture Data Frameworks & Integration The AgriStack Initiative and India Digital Ecosystem for Agriculture (IDEA) can serve as digital platforms for farm data management, enhancing AI-driven insights. National AI Centres of Excellence should focus on developing customized AI solutions for Indian agriculture. StrengtheningDigital  Infrastructure Public Wi-Fi hotspots under the PM-WANI initiative and BharatNet Project can improve rural connectivity, ensuring farmer access to AI platforms. Farmer Skilling & Awareness The National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture (NeGPA) educates farmers on AI applications. FutureSkills PRIME reskills professionals in AI and emerging agricultural technologies. Financial & Policy Support Under the Digital Agriculture Mission (2021-2025), providing subsidized loans to agri-tech startups and farmer cooperatives can boost AI-driven innovation in agriculture. By addressing these challenges, India can harness AI’s full potential, making agriculture more efficient, sustainable, and profitable. Which of the following is the primary reason for the significant 40% increase in crop production through AI technologies like Project Farm Vibes in Baramati, Maharashtra? A) Optimization of crop genetics through AI-driven genetic modification strategiesB) Improved soil health and water usage efficiency driven by AI-based precision agricultureC) Increased dependency on traditional farming knowledge with supplementary AI toolsD) Large-scale industrialization of farming models with AI as a mere support system Answer: B) Improved soil health and water usage efficiency driven by AI-based precision agricultureExplanation: The 40% increase in crop production is primarily due to precision farming enabled by AI, which focuses on optimizing soil health, water usage, and resource allocation. AI-powered tools ensure that irrigation, fertilization, and pest control are finely tuned to local conditions, improving productivity without necessarily relying on genetic modifications or traditional methods. This sustainable, data-driven approach maximizes resource efficiency and enhances crop yield. National Green Financing Institution Subject Biodiversity & Environment Why in News? The Government of India is planning to establish a National Green Financing Institution to aggregate funds from various sources and reduce capital costs to support its net-zero target by 2070. NITI Aayog is evaluating models such as NaBFID/NABARD, IREDA, Green InvITs, and global Green Banks for this initiative. Need for Green Finance in India Escalating Climate Change Risks: Climate change could cause an estimated 10% loss in total economic value, potentially wiping out up to 18% of global GDP by 2050. This poses a significant threat to India’s ambition of growing its economy to USD 10 trillion by 2030. Net-Zero Commitments: India pledged to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070 under the Panchamrit strategy at COP26, requiring over USD 10 trillion in investments. Financial Sector Exposure: The financial services industry faces 72% of the potential financial impact of climate change. Banks can mitigate risks by funding green infrastructure, renewable energy, energy-efficient buildings, and industrial decarbonization. Investment Deficit: India requires USD 1.4 trillion in aggregate investments (USD 28 billion annually) to meet its 2070 net-zero goal. However, as of February 2023, India’s green bond issuances totaled only USD 21 billion, with the private sector contributing 84%. Current Green Energy Financing Initiatives in India National Clean Energy and Environment Fund (NCEEF): Funds clean energy ventures and research through the Clean Environment Cess on coal. IREDA

National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations (NAKSHA) Launch of NAKSHA Initiative for Modernizing Urban Land Records On February 18, 2025, Union Rural Development Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan officially launched the National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations (NAKSHA). NAKSHA aims to modernize urban land records across India, addressing the persistent issue of outdated mapping in many urban areas. As part of the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), NAKSHA will begin with a pilot phase in 152 urban local bodies across 26 states, before expanding nationwide. What is NAKSHA? NAKSHA is a high-precision geospatial survey designed to create accurate urban land records by combining aerial and field surveys with advanced Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to enhance land governance. The initiative will prioritize towns with less than 35 square kilometers of area and populations under 200,000. The pilot phase, lasting one year, will test methodologies before scaling up for broader implementation. Why is NAKSHA Necessary? Many urban areas in India continue to rely on outdated land records, causing inefficiencies in governance, property taxation, and urban planning. While rural land records have been modernized, urban areas still lack proper mapping systems. This gap was acknowledged in the Union Budget 2024 and emphasized again in 2025, highlighting the urgent need for reform in urban land management. Key Objectives of NAKSHA Digitization of Urban Land Records: Creating a current and organized land database. Reducing Land Disputes: Resolving uncertainties in property ownership and boundaries. Enhancing Urban Planning: Providing accurate land data to support better infrastructure development. Streamlining Property Transactions: Simplifying registration and verification processes. Improving Tax Collection: Strengthening the financial stability of urban local bodies. Funding and Costs The central government will fully fund NAKSHA, with the pilot phase costing approximately ₹194 crore. Survey costs vary based on the technology used: Basic Camera Survey: ₹25,000 to ₹30,000 per square kilometer. Advanced 3D Camera Survey: ₹60,000 per square kilometer. Survey Methodology NAKSHA uses drone surveys with high-resolution cameras and LiDAR sensors, following a three-step process: Area Selection: Identifying target urban zones. Aerial Survey: Capturing detailed images with drones and oblique-angle cameras. Ground Verification: Ensuring data accuracy through field validation. This drone-based mapping offers superior image quality compared to satellite imagery, improving land record accuracy. Future Expansion Plans If the pilot phase proves successful, NAKSHA will be expanded to 4,912 urban local bodies across India. The initiative is aimed at creating a robust urban land governance framework, enabling data-driven decision-making and efficient urban development. By bridging the gap in urban land records, NAKSHA will play a significant role in India’s digital transformation of land management. Consider the following statements regarding the NAKSHA initiative: It is a geospatial survey focused on modernizing rural land records in India. The pilot phase of NAKSHA is set to cover urban local bodies across all Indian states and Union Territories. The initiative leverages advanced GIS technology, including drone-based aerial surveys. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 onlyb) 3 onlyc) 2 and 3 onlyd) 1, 2, and 3 Answer: (b) 3 only Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect because NAKSHA is focused on urban land records, not rural ones. Statement 2 is incorrect because the pilot phase is limited to 152 urban local bodies in 26 states, not across all states and Union Territories. Statement 3 is correct as NAKSHA integrates GIS technology and drone-based surveys. Herath Festival Herath is a significant festival for the Kashmiri Pandit community, marking their unique observance of Mahashivratri. Celebrated from the 13th day of the Phalgun month (February or March) until the new moon, the festival derives its name from “Har-Ratri,” meaning “Night of Hara,” a reference to Lord Shiva. It symbolizes the union of divine forces and honors the sacred bond of Shiva and Parvati. Historical Significance: Rooted in the rich cultural heritage of the Kashmir Valley, Herath has been celebrated for centuries. It reflects the deep faith and traditions of the Kashmiri Pandits while also highlighting the interwoven cultural influences of the region. The festival holds immense significance in preserving the community’s identity and spiritual legacy. Rituals and Traditions: The festival preparations begin with a thorough cleaning of homes, symbolizing renewal and spiritual readiness. On the eve of Mahashivratri, families perform Vatuk Pooja, a central ritual where a kalash (sacred pot) filled with water and walnuts is placed in a sanctified space. This ceremony invokes divine blessings and represents prosperity and well-being. A priest often leads the rituals, fostering a strong sense of devotion and community bonding. Cultural Harmony: The day following Shiva Chaturdashi is called Salam, symbolizing unity between Kashmiri Pandits and Muslims. This tradition reflects the region’s rich cultural harmony and mutual respect. The festival concludes on the 15th day, known as Dooni-Mavas, when families distribute walnuts, representing prosperity, resilience, and shared blessings. Shankaracharya Temple and Devotion: A significant pilgrimage site during Herath is the Shankaracharya Temple, which overlooks Dal Lake in Srinagar. This historic temple serves as a spiritual center where devotees gather to offer prayers and express their reverence for Lord Shiva. The temple’s prominence during Herath underscores its enduring role in Kashmiri religious traditions. Herath in Contemporary Times : In recent years, public figures and leaders have acknowledged Herath’s cultural and spiritual importance. The Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister has extended official greetings to the Kashmiri Pandit community, reinforcing the festival’s role in fostering communal harmony and celebrating Kashmir’s diverse heritage. Such recognition strengthens social bonds and ensures the continuity of this cherished tradition. Herath remains a profound celebration of devotion, unity, and cultural resilience, preserving the spirit of Kashmiri Pandit traditions across generations. Consider the following statements regarding the festival of Herath: Herath is celebrated exclusively on the night of Mahashivratri in Kashmir. The term “Herath” originates from “Har-Ratri,” signifying the night of Lord Shiva. The festival is unique to the Kashmiri Pandit community and symbolizes the union of Shiva and Parvati. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 and 2 only 2 and 3 only