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Satavahana Dynasty

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Satavahana Dynasty Overview

Historical Significance

      The Satavahana dynasty is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential dynasties in South India. Emerging around the 2nd century BCE, the Satavahanas ruled for several centuries, leaving a lasting impact on the region’s political, economic, and cultural landscape. Their reign was characterized by political stability, economic prosperity, and the flourishing of art and literature. The Satavahanas played a crucial role in bridging North and South India, facilitating trade and cultural exchanges that shaped the subcontinent’s history.

Geographic Domain

      The Satavahanas ruled over a vast and diverse territory, encompassing several present-day Indian states. Their empire included:

    • Telangana: Considered the heartland of the Satavahana empire, Telangana housed numerous administrative centers and key cities, making it a crucial political and economic hub.
    • Andhra Pradesh: This region was significant for its agricultural wealth, trade routes, and flourishing port cities, which contributed extensively to regional and international commerce.
    • Karnataka: A vital region that enriched the Satavahana economy with its abundant natural resources and active trade networks.
    • Maharashtra: Important due to its strategic location, Maharashtra served as a key link to western coast trade routes, facilitating interactions with merchants from Rome and Southeast Asia.

 

Cultural Integration

     According to historian K.M. Phanikkar, the Satavahanas played a crucial role in bridging cultural gaps between South India and Aryavarta, the ancient name for Northern and Central India. They facilitated the exchange of ideas, art, and culture, leading to a rich tapestry of traditions that influenced later Indian civilizations. Their reign saw the merging of local and Aryan cultures, contributing to the development of regional languages, literature, and artistic expressions.

Names and References

The dynasty was referred to by several names, highlighting their importance and legacy:

    • Shalivahanas: A name that underscores their notable cultural influences.
    • Andhra-Bhrityas: Suggesting a link to their ethnic identity and regional roots.
    • Andhras: Reflecting their geographic and cultural origins.
    • Satakarni: A prominent title used by some of the rulers within the dynasty.

 

These names indicate a rich and complex identity that enhances their historical significance.

Etymology

     The term “Satavahana” is derived from Sanskrit, meaning “the one who has a vehicle.” This could symbolize their strength, mobility, and capability to govern a vast realm. In Kannada, “Satavahana” translates to “farmer,” possibly indicating their connections to agriculture and land, which were vital to their economy.

Ancient Textual References

      In ancient literature, the Satavahanas were described as “Andhra-Bhrityas,” which suggests a deep-rooted connection to their ethnic and regional identity. They are often celebrated for their patronage of Buddhism and the arts, leaving behind significant archaeological and cultural legacies, such as the famous Amaravati Stupa.

Timeline of Rule

    The Satavahana dynasty is estimated to have ruled from around 220 BCE to 225 CE. This approximate timeline places them in a crucial period of transition in Indian history, where they adapted and integrated various influences, setting the stage for future dynasties.

Capitals

    The Satavahana dynasty had several important capitals throughout its reign, reflecting their administrative evolution and territorial expansion:

 

1st Capital: Kotilingala

     Located in the Jagitial district (formerly part of Karimnagar district), Kotilingala is one of the earliest known capitals of the Satavahana dynasty. It was a significant center for trade and culture during their rule.

 

2nd Capital: Pratishtana Puram (Paitan)

     This city, identified with modern Paitan, became a prominent political and cultural hub. Its strategic location facilitated trade and military movements.

 

3rd Capital: Dhanyakatakam (Amaravati)

     Amaravati, known for its rich cultural heritage and architectural marvels, served as a crucial center for Buddhism. It holds historical significance as a site of major stupas and monuments which reflect the artistic achievements of the Satavahana period.

Dynasty Overview

    • Progenitor: The legendary progenitor of the Satavahana dynasty is believed to be Satavahana himself, which ties into the etymology of the dynasty’s name.
    • Founder: The dynasty was founded by Simuka (Sri Mukha), who established the Satavahana rule in the Deccan region. His efforts laid the groundwork for the expansion and consolidation of Satavahana power.

Language

    • Official Language: The Satavahanas primarily used Prakrit as their official language. This language played an essential role in administration and communication with the populace.
    • Ruling Language: Instructions and official communications were generally delivered in Prakrit, which was accessible to the common people and facilitated governance.

Emblem

    • The emblem of the Satavahana dynasty was the Sun, symbolizing power, vitality, and the divine right to rule. The sun motif is often reflected in their inscriptions and coins.

Notable Figures

    • Greatest King: Gautamiputra Satakarni
    • Gautamiputra Satakarni is regarded as the most illustrious ruler of the Satavahana dynasty. He is known for his military conquests, expansion of territory, and support of Buddhist patronage, further strengthening the dynasty’s influence.
    • Foreign Traveler: Megasthenes
    • The Greek ambassador Megasthenes, who visited India during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, provided valuable insights into the subcontinent’s cultural and political landscape, including observations of the Satavahana dynasty.

1. Origin of the Satavahanas

1. Aryan Descent:

    • According to S.L. Hanumanth Rao, the Satavahanas are believed to have originated from Aryan stock, suggesting a connection to the ancient Indo-Aryan peoples who migrated into the Indian subcontinent.

 

2. Dravidian Descent:

    • In contrast, S. Sharmaposits that the Satavahanas were of Dravidian descent, indicating that they were more closely related to the indigenous populations of South India.

Varna (Social Classification) of the Satavahanas

      The classification of the Satavahanas within the varna system has been depicted in various ancient texts and inscriptions, leading to multiple interpretations:

1. Sudra Classification:

    • Ancient texts and Puranas refer to Simuka, the founder of the dynasty, as belonging to the Sudra varna (Vishala). This classification positions the Satavahanas within the lower strata of the varna hierarchy.
    • The Pracheena Vajmayamalso labels them as Sudras.

 

2. Yaksha Class:

    • The Kathasaritsagara, authored by Somadeva Suri, describes the Satavahanas as being born to a Yaksha named Shatha and a Brahmin lady. This indicates a mixed lineage and suggests that they could belong to the Yaksha class, which is considered a supernatural being in folklore.

 

3. Kshatriya Status:

    • In the Nasik inscriptionof Gautami Balasri, she proclaims herself as Rajarshipatni Kshatriapatni, implying a royal lineage. This has led some historians to categorize the Satavahanas as Kshatriyas, the warrior class traditionally associated with ruling and governance.

 

4. Naga Sect:

    • Additionally, the same Nasik inscription refers to Gautamiputra Satakarni as being related to the Naga sect, indicating that they may have ties to this ancient community known for its rich cultural heritage.

 

5. Mixed Descent:

  • The book Dvatrimsika Puttalikasuggests that the Satavahanas were born to a male Brahmin and a female of the Naga sect, further highlighting the complexity of their ancestry and social categorization.

 

The birthplace of the Satavahana dynasty has been a subject of significant debate among historians, with various theories presented based on archaeological evidence, inscriptions, and historical texts. Here’s an overview of the different opinions regarding the birthplace of the Satavahanas:

Dispute Regarding the Birth place of the Satavahanas

  1. Karnataka:
    • V.S. Sukthankar argues that the birthplace of the Satavahanas is Bellary in Karnataka.
    • Reasoning: This theory is supported by the presence of the Myakadhoni inscription of Pulomavi III and the Hirahadagali inscription of Pallava Shiva Skanda Varma, both found in Bellary, indicating a historical context related to the Satavahanas.

 

2. Vidarbha:

    • V.V. Mirashi suggests that the Satavahanas originated from Vidarbha, a region in modern-day Maharashtra. This hypothesis is based on historical texts and inscriptions linking the dynasty to this area.

 

3. Maharashtra:

    • Historians such as P.T. Srinivas Iyengar, K. Gopalachary, and D.P. Sarkar propose that the Satavahanas were born in Maharashtra, specifically in Pratishtana Puram (modern Paitan).
    • This area is considered vital due to its significance as a capital and central hub during their rule.

 

4. Coastal Andhra:

    • Scholars like R.G. Bhandarkar, V.A. Smith, and I.J. Rapson have identified Coastal Andhra as the Satavahanas’ original homeland.
    • They claim that the capital was Dhanyakatakam, highlighting its cultural and political importance during the dynasty’s reign.

 

5. Telangana:

    Several historians argue that Telanganais the birthplace of the Satavahanas. Notable advocates for this viewpoint include:

    • V. Parabrahma Sastry: States that the Satavahanas began their rule in Telangana.
    • Kambampati Satyanarayana: Suggests they started ruling in Telangana and expanded to the west, north, and south.
    • Dhame Raja Reddy: Points out that coins and inscriptions attributed to Simuka have been discovered in Kotilingala, asserting that this was their first capital.
    • Historians  Rambabu, B.N. Shastri, Mallampalli Somasekher Sharma, and Sri Ram Sharmaalso support the claim that Telangana is the birthplace of the Satavahanas.

Evidences Related to History of Satavahanas

1. Literary Sources

Foreign Books:

Megasthenes: The Greek ambassador recorded in his work Indica that the king of the Andhra tribe ruled over 30 fortified cities. Some of these cities, particularly in Telangana, include:

    • Bodhan
    • Kotilingala
    • Dhulikatta
    • Pedda Bhankuru
    • Kondapur
    • Phanigiri
    • Gajulabhanda
    • Indrapuri

 

  • Pliny: In his Natural History, Pliny discussed trade activities, while the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (author unknown) elaborated on the foreign trade of the Satavahanas.

 

Native/Regional Books:

      Various Puranas, Jataka stories of Buddhism, and Jain texts also provide insights into the socio-cultural aspects of the Satavahana era.

2. Inscriptions

    There are 24 inscriptions related to the Satavahanas, which are written in Prakrit language using the Brahmi script. These inscriptions serve as crucial historical records.

3. Coins

     The Satavahanas issued coins inscribed in Prakrit and desi languages (regional languages). Historians note that Telugu evolved from these desi languages, reflecting the linguistic development during and after the Satavahana rule.

4.  Excavations

1.  Kondapur (Sangareddy District):

    • Developed as a city in the 3rd century BCE, Kondapur has yielded approximately 4,000 coins related to the Satavahanas.
    • Mallampalli Somasekher Sharma referred to Kondapur as the “Mint City of the Satavahanas.”
    • Before the Satavahanas, Kondapur served as the capital for the Ashika kingdom (covering areas like Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad, and Medak districts).
    • It was a key center for trade with the Roman Empire, evidenced by the discovery of a necklace made of Roman scepter with the symbol of Tiberius Caesar.

 

2. Kotilingala (Jagityal District):

    • Located at the confluence of the Godavari and Peddavagu, Kotilingala served as the first capital of the Satavahana dynasty.
    • A sandstone pillar inscribed with “Nagagopinikaya” in Brahmi script was discovered here.
    • Jain artifacts known as shilachchadalu were also found near Kotilingala, along with Viddanki coins and coins of Srimukha and earlier rulers.

 

3.  Peddabankur (Peddapalli District):

    • Situated on the banks of the Hussain Miya water stream, Peddabankur is notable for a pot discovered in a farmer’s field containing 22,000 Satavahana coins.
    • The site features 22 freshwater wells constructed with bricks and one well made of clay bangles.
    • Coins from Roman emperors Augustus, Caesar, and Tiberius were also found here.

 

4. Dhulikatta (Peddapalli District):

    • Archaeologist V.V. Krishna Shastri identified a Buddhist stupa from the Satavahana period at this site, giving insight into their religious practices and architectural styles.

Number of Kings and Time Period

    • Historians present differing accounts concerning the total number of kings and their duration of rule in the Satavahana kingdom:
    • Matsya Purana: Claims that 30 kingsruled over a period of 456 years.
    • Vayu Purana: Suggests there were 17 kingswho reigned for 272 years.

Sub Topics

Important Satavahana Rulers

Srimukha (Simukha)

  • Founder: Srimukha, also known as Simukha, is recognized as the founder of the Satavahana dynasty. He was a contemporary of Ashokaof the Maurya dynasty.
  • Inscriptional Evidence: He is referred to by various names in inscriptions:
  • Chimukhaand Sindhuka in different sources.
  • The Vayu Puranamentions him as Sindhuka, while the Matsya Purana calls him Balipuchaka and Bali.
  • Coins: Eight coins attributed to Simukha have been discovered at Kotilingala, showcasing his authority and economic activities.
  • Nanaghat Inscription: The inscription of Devi Naganikastates, “Raya Simukha Satavahana Sirimatho,” affirming his royal status.
  • Religious Patronage: Initially, Simukha patronized Jainism, but later shifted to Brahmanism(the Vedic religion). His reign marked significant Jain pilgrimage sites, including Munulagutta in Karimnagar.
  • Inscription Details: Coins issued during his reign featured names such as Ranagobhadraand Rana Goswamy.
  • Relationship with Mauryas: The 13th Rock Edict of Ashokaidentifies Simukha as a feudatory of the Mauryan Empire, indicating his political ties to Ashoka, who conferred the title “Raya” upon him. Ashoka referred to the Satavahanas as “Satyaputra” in his inscriptions.
  • Military Conquests: Simukha is noted for defeating Maharathi Tranakayiro, a leader of the Rathika He subsequently married Tranakayiro’s daughter, Naganika, to his son Satakarni I.
  • Administration Issues: According to Jain texts, Simukha faced revolts due to his cruel administration, leading to dissatisfaction among his subjects.
  • Successor: After Simukha, his brother Krishnaascended to the throne.

Kanha (Krishna)

     Kanha, also referred to as Krishna in various inscriptions, is a significant ruler in the history of the Satavahana dynasty. Here are the key highlights of his reign and contributions:

Inscriptions and Titles

    • Name: In inscriptions, he is identified as “Kanha”.
    • Historical Contributions:
    • He is recognized as the first Satavahana kingto issue an inscription, known as the Kanheri inscription.

Architectural and Religious Patronage

    • Kanheri and Nasik Caves:
    • Kanha is credited with engraving the Nasikand Kanheri caves, which served as important monastic sites for Buddhist monks. These caves not only provided shelter but also facilitated the practice and propagation of Buddhism in the region.
    • Dharma Mahamatya:
    • To enhance the welfare of Buddhist monks, Kanha appointed special officers known as “Dharma Mahamatya.”This position underscored his commitment to supporting Buddhist practices and ensuring the wellbeing of the monastic community.

Religious Influence

    • Patronage of Bhagavatha Religion:
    • During Kanha’s reign, he actively patronized the Bhagavatha religion, which is a devotional practice centered around the worship of Lord Vishnu and his avatars, particularly Krishna.
    • The Bhagavatha religion gained momentum under his patronage and began to spread from North Indiato the Deccan region, indicating significant cultural and religious exchange during his rule.

 

Kanha (Krishna) played a vital role in the early foundations of the Satavahana dynasty through his support of Buddhism and the Bhagavatha religion. His contributions to the architectural heritage and the welfare of religious communities reflect his commitment to promoting spiritual practices in his kingdom.

Skandasthambi

      Skandasthambi is recognized as an important ruler in the Satavahana dynasty, particularly for the context in which he ruled. Here are the key highlights associated with his reign:

Context of Skandasthambi’s Reign

    • Greek Invasions: Skandasthambi’s period is marked by the beginning of Greek invasionsinto the Indian subcontinent. This was a significant geopolitical event that would influence the dynamics of power, trade, and culture in the region.
    • The arrival of Greek forces led to both military conflicts and cultural exchanges, impacting the socio-political landscape of ancient India.

Impact on the Satavahana Dynasty

    • The Greek invasions presented challenges and opportunities for the Satavahana dynasty. As external threats emerged, the Satavahanas were compelled to strengthen their defenses and reassess their political strategies.
    • Skandasthambi’s reign likely involved military campaigns to secure the territories under Satavahana control and to assert the dynasty’s strength against foreign influences.

 

While specific records about Skandasthambi’s achievements beyond the Greek invasions may be limited, his reign marks a pivotal moment in the timeline of the Satavahana dynasty, setting the stage for the challenges faced by his successors as they navigated foreign invasions and internal consolidation.

Satakarni II

      Satakarni II is a notable monarch of the Satavahana dynasty, recognized for his long and impactful reign. Here are the key highlights of his contributions and achievements:

 

Key Contributions and Achievements

1. Gateway to Sanchi Stupa:

    • Satakarni II constructed a gateway (torana)on the southern side of the famous Sanchi Stupa. This architectural feat reflects his commitment to Buddhism and highlights the cultural flourishing during his rule.

 

2. Longest Reign:

    • He is distinguished as one of the longest-reigning kings among the Satavahanas, having ruled for 56 years. His lengthy tenure provided stability and continuity to the dynasty.

 

3. Expansion into North India:

    • Under his leadership, the Satavahana kingdom saw significant territorial expansion into North India, enhancing its power and influence in the region.

 

4. Annexation of Vidisha:

    • According to the Gargi Samhita, Satakarni II successfully annexed Vidisha, which was the second capital of the Shunga dynasty. This victory not only extended Satavahana influence but also diminished Shunga power.

 

5. Conquest of Pataliputra:

    • He is credited with the conquest of Pataliputra, the capital of Magadha, one of the most significant cities in ancient India. This conquest solidified the Satavahanas’ position in Northern India and represented a major achievement in military terms.

 

6. Saka-Satavahana Conflict:

  • Satakarni II’s reign marks the beginning of the Saka-Satavahana conflict, characterized by military confrontations between the Satavahanas and the invading Saka tribes. The struggles during this period were significant in shaping the political landscape of the Deccan and Northern India.

 

7. Cultural Patronage:

  • His court was enriched by the presence of notable artists, including his court artist Vashishta Putra Ananda, who contributed to the artistic and cultural developments of the period, especially in relation to Buddhist art.

 

Satakarni II’s reign was marked by military conquests, territorial expansion, and cultural patronage, establishing a strong foundation for the Satavahana dynasty in the context of ancient Indian history. His contributions to architecture, particularly with the Sanchi Stupa, and his engagements in regional politics exemplify his significance as a ruler.

Kuntala Satakarni

     Kuntala Satakarni was an influential ruler of the Satavahana dynasty, known for his contributions to language, literature, and cultural developments during his reign. Here are the key highlights of his rule:

Key Achievements and Contributions

1.Thirteenth Ruler:

    • Kuntala Satakarni was the 13th rulerof the Satavahana dynasty, continuing the legacy of his predecessors.

 

2. Change of Official Language:

    • He made a significant change by adopting Sanskritas the official language, replacing Prakrit. This shift underscored the cultural and administrative evolution of the Satavahana kingdom.

 

3. Title:

    • He was known by the title Vikramarka, indicating his royal stature and possibly his valor.

 

4. Court Poets and Literary Works:

    • Kuntala Satakarni’s court was home to notable poets and scholars, including:
    • Gunadhya: Wrote the Brihat Kathain Paisachi Prakrit. The work is significant in classical literature, but Gunadhya famously burned the manuscript after Kuntala Satakarni refused to dedicate it to him, leaving only one chapter available today. The main character is Kubera/Labbika.
    • Sarva Varma: Authored the Katantra Vyakarnam, a Sanskrit grammar book through which Kuntala learned Sanskrit.
    • Vatsyayana: Famous for the Kamasutraand the Nyaya Bhashyam.

 

5. Marriage Alliance:

    • Kuntala Satakarni married Malayawati, a princess from North India. His desire to learn Sanskrit stemmed from feeling embarrassed before her, as she was proficient in the language.

 

6. Literary Influence:

Gunadhya’s Brihat Kathainspired several Sanskrit literary works in the 10th and 11th centuries:

    • Somadeva Suriwrote the Kathasaritsagara.
    • Kshemendraproduced Brihat Katha Manjari.
    • Hari Senaauthored Brihat Katha Kosham.
    • Varahamihiracreated the Brihat Samhita.

Gunadhya’s work was later translated into Sanskrit by King Durvinitaof the Ganga dynasty.

 

7. Panchatantra:

    • The fables from the Brihat Kathaserved as a foundation for Vishnu Sharma’s famous work, the Panchatantra.

 

8. Conflicts Among Poets:

    • There were reported differences between Gunadhyaand Sarva Varma, as noted in Somadeva Suri’s Kathasaritsagara.

 

9. Cultural Context in Kamasutra:

    • According to Vatsyayana’s Kamasutra, Kuntala Satakarni’s actions, specifically concerning a sexual position called “Karirtha,” led to the death of his wife, Malayawathi.

 

10. Translation of Kamasutra:

    • The Kamasutra was translated into Telugu by Aadi Narayana Shastri, reflecting the work’s enduring influence on literature and culture.

 

Kuntala Satakarni’s reign was marked by significant cultural and literary advancements, reflecting the dynastic emphasis on Sanskrit and the arts. The contributions of poets and philosophers during his rule not only enriched the literary heritage of India but also highlighted the complexities of royal patronage and interpersonal relationships among scholars.

Pulomavi I

      Pulomavi I is recognized as a significant ruler of the Satavahana dynasty, known for his military conquests and administration. Here are the key details regarding his reign and achievements:

 

Key Achievements
  1. Fifteenth Ruler:
    • Pulomavi I was the 15th rulerof the Satavahana dynasty, succeeding his predecessors and continuing the legacy of expansion and governance.

 

  1. Military Conquest of Magadha:
    • One of his notable military achievements was the invasion of Magadha, located in Northern India. During this campaign, he defeated Susharma, the king of the Kanva dynasty, effectively annexing the Kanva kingdom. This victory not only expanded Satavahana territory but also diminished the influence of the Kanva rulers.

 

  1. Coin Discoveries:
    • Coins attributed to Pulomavi I have been discovered in Kuhrama (or Kuharam), an area near Pataliputrain Bihar. This archaeological evidence supports the historical records of his reign and indicates the extent of Satavahana influence in the region during his rule.

 

Pulomavi I’s reign is marked by significant military successes, particularly the annexation of Magadha, which illustrates the ambition of the Satavahana dynasty to dominate Northern India. His legacy is also reflected in the numismatic evidence that highlights the economic dimensions of his rule.

Gaurav Krishna

      Gaurav Krishna is a noteworthy figure in the history of the Satavahana dynasty, particularly recognized for his role in the disintegration of the Andhra kingdom. Here are the key highlights of his legacy and the perceptions surrounding him:

 

Key Points

1. Role in Disintegration:

    • Gaurav Krishna is noted for being responsible for the disintegration of the Andhra kingdom. His actions during his reign contributed to the fragmentation of the Satavahana dynasty and its territories.

 

2. Degradation and Titles:

    • Due to his perceived failures or misrule, he faced degradation and was derogatorily referred to by several names in the Puranas, including:
        • “Aristakarma”: This name suggests ill-fated or adverse actions, reflecting the negative view towards his leadership.
        • “Vai Krishna”: Another title that may indicate his fall from grace within the royal lineage or governance.
        • “Rikta Varnudu”: This term can be interpreted as one devoid of color or essence, further emphasizing the low regard in which he was held.

 

Gaurav Krishna’s legacy is predominantly marked by his shortcomings and the subsequent decline of the Andhra kingdom during and after his rule. The epithets used in the Puranas highlight the critical views held by later generations regarding his reign.

Hala

      Hala was a significant figure in the Satavahana dynasty, known for his contributions to literature and the arts during his brief reign. Here are the key points related to his life, achievements, and cultural impact:

 

Key Achievements

1. Seventeenth King:

    • Hala was the 17th kingof the Satavahana dynasty and ruled for a brief period of 5 years. Despite the short duration of his reign, he left a lasting impact on Telugu literature.

 

2. Literary Contributions:

    • Hala is celebrated as the first great poet among kings in Telangana. His era has been described as the Golden Age for Prakrit, highlighting the flourishing of literature in vernacular languages.

 

3. Gatha Saptashati:

    • He is the author of the “Gatha Saptashati”, composed in Maharashtri Prakrit. This literary work comprises 700 romantic love stories, providing valuable insights into rural social conditionsof that time.

The book emphasizes various cultural aspects, including:

    • Marriage traditions
    • The significance of betel leaves
    • The application of parani (a decorative substance applied by women on their feet during marriage)
    • Celebrations of the festival of Holi.

 

4. Similarities in Literature:

    • The Gatha Saptashatiis compared to the book “Vajjalagga,” written by Svetambara Jain monk Jayavallabha, indicating a shared cultural and literary heritage.

 

5. Historical References:

    • The ancient historian Banamentions Hala’s authorship of the Gatha Saptashati in his work “Harshacharita.”

 

6. Poetic Titles:

    • Hala was honored with titles such as “Kavi Vatsala”and “Kavi Raja,” reflecting his status as a patron of poetry and the arts.

 

7. Military Expedition:

    • According to Kutuhala’s “Leelavati Parinayam,”Hala invaded Simhala (Sri Lanka) and married the Simhala princess Leelavati. The marriage is said to have taken place at the Bhimeshwara temple near the Sapta-Godavari.

 

8. Location of Marriage:

    • Sanganabhatla Narsaiah identifies the Bhimeshwara temple, indicating it is located on the banks of the Godavari near Vempalli Venkat Rao Peta in Jagityal district.

 

9. Cultural Patronage:

    • Hala was known for honoring poets, including Kumarilaand Sripalitha, fostering a vibrant literary culture during his reign.

 

10. Military Leadership:

    • The chief army commander under Hala was Vijayanada, which reflects his administrative capabilities and readiness to protect and expand his kingdom.

 

Hala’s reign, though short, was marked by remarkable literary achievements and cultural developments. His work, Gatha Saptashati, remains a significant contribution to Indian literature, showcasing the societal values and traditions of his time. Hala’s patronage of poets and involvement in military expeditions further illustrate the multifaceted role he played in the Satavahana dynasty.

Gautamiputra Satakarni

      Gautamiputra Satakarni is regarded as one of the most prominent and significant rulers of the Satavahana dynasty, known for revitalizing the empire and expanding its influence. Here are the key aspects of his reign:

 

Key Achievements and Contributions

1. Twenty-Third King:

    • Gautamiputra Satakarni is recognized as the 23rd kingof the Satavahana dynasty according to Puranic texts.

 

2. Revival of Political Glory:

    • He is celebrated as the greatest king among the Satavahanas. His leadership marked the revival of the political glory of the dynasty after a period of challenges and weakening.

 

3. Establishment of Shalivahana Saka:

    • He ascended the throne in 78 A.D., which is recognized as the beginning of the Shalivahana Saka(era). This date was officially acknowledged by the Indian government in 1957.
    • Gautamiputra was the first king to adopt this dating system.

 

4. Notable Titles:

    • He was the first king to use his mother’s name, Gautami, in his title, showcasing a shift toward matrilineal recognition in royal lineage.
    • His mother, Gautami Balasri, issued an inscription at Nasik that described her elevated status and attributes.

 

5. Nasik Inscription:

The Nasik inscription issued by Gautami Balasri during the 19th regnal yearof her son, Gautamiputra, lists several titles for him, including:

    • Eka Brahmana
    • Dvijakula Vardana
    • Aagama Nilaya
    • Eka Shura
    • Chaturvarna Shankara
    • Kshatriya Darpamana Vardhana
    • Varna Saankarya Nirodaka
    • Eka Dhanurdara
    • Sakayavana Pahlava Nighadhana
    • Bhenakataka Swamy
    • Trisamudra Toya Peetavahana(One whose horses drank the water of three oceans)
    • Rajoran(Sovereign title)
    • Kshaharata Vamsha Niravaseshakara

 

6. Jogalthambi War:

    • In this significant battle, Gautamiputra Satakarni defeated Nahapana, a dominant ruler from the Kshatrapa dynasty. This victory led to him earning the title “Destroyer of Kshatrapas”(Kshaharata Vamsha Nirvaseshakara).
    • After his victory, he reissued the coins of Nahapana inscribed with his name, with examples of these coins found at Jogalthambiin Maharashtra.

 

7. Territorial Expansion:

    • Gautamiputra Satakarni annexed multiple kingdoms, strengthening the Satavahana influence across the Deccan region and beyond.
    • He moved the capital from Dhanyakatakamto Pratishtanapuram, showcasing his strategic administrative capabilities.

 

8. Founding of Bhenakatakam:

    • He established a new city named Bhenakatakam, contributing to urban expansion during his reign.

 

9. Archaeological Evidence:

    • His coins have been discovered in various regions, including Cuddalorein Tamil Nadu, indicating widespread circulation and trade.

 

10. Buddhist Patronage:

    • Gautamiputra Satakarni was known for his patronage of Buddhism. He donated 100 nivartana(land) to Buddhist monks, reflecting his support for the monastic community and religion.

 

Gautamiputra Satakarni’s reign was marked by military prowess, administrative reforms, and cultural patronage, establishing him as a defining ruler of the Satavahana dynasty. His victories against the Kshatrapas helped reaffirm Satavahana dominance in the Deccan region, while his contributions to literature and Buddhism showcased the rich cultural fabric of his time.

Vashistiputra Pulomavi (Pulomavi II)

Vashistiputra Pulomavi, also known as Pulomavi II, was an important ruler of the Satavahana dynasty whose reign contributed significantly to the cultural and political landscape of ancient India. Here are the key aspects of his rule:

Key Achievements and Contributions

1. Title:

  • Vashistiputra Pulomavi was awarded the title “Dakshinapadeshwara”in the Nasik inscription, which signifies his status as a ruler of the southern region.

 

2. Cultural Developments:

  • During his reign, the Amaravati Stupa(a significant Buddhist monument) was constructed. This site became an important center for Buddhist art and architecture, reflecting the religious patronage during his rule.

 

3. First Inscription in Andhra Pradesh:

  • The Dharani Kota inscriptionissued by Vashistiputra Pulomavi is recognized as the first inscription of the Satavahana dynasty found in Andhra Pradesh. This inscription is critical for understanding the historical context of his reign and the early developments in the region.

 

4. Conflict with Rudradaman:

  • Vashistiputra Pulomavi faced a significant challenge from Rudradaman, a powerful ruler of the Western Kshatrapas (Kardamaka dynasty). Rudradaman defeated him, which was a substantial setback for Pulomavi and the Satavahana dynasty.
  • The conflict with Rudradaman led to heightened tensions in the region and influenced Pulomavi’s strategic decisions.

 

5. Capital Relocation:

  • Due to the fear of further incursions by Rudradaman, Vashistiputra Pulomavi decided to change the capital from Pratishtanapuramto Dhanyakatakam. This relocation is documented in the Girnar inscription (or Junagadh inscription) of Rudradaman, indicating the political environment and power dynamics of the time.

 

6. Additional Title:

  • Vashistiputra Pulomavi was also known by the title “Navanagara Swamy,”which may reflect his status or achievements related to urban development or governance of new towns.

 

Vashistiputra Pulomavi’s reign was marked by significant cultural achievements, including the construction of the Amaravati Stupa, as well as military conflicts that challenged the stability of the Satavahana dynasty. His strategic relocation of the capital in response to external threats highlights the political challenges faced during his rule.

Vashistiputra Shiva Sri Satakarni

       Vashistiputra Shiva Sri Satakarni is a notable ruler of the Satavahana dynasty known for his contributions to administrative practices and cultural exchanges. Here are the key highlights of his reign and achievements:

 

Key Achievements and Contributions

1. Title:

    • He bore the title “Kshatrapa,”a designation that often referred to local rulers or governors in the context of the ancient Indian political framework. This title indicates his authority and elevated status within the Satavahana dynasty.

2. Innovations in Coinage:

    • Vashistiputra Shiva Sri Satakarni was the first Satavahana kingto issue coins in two languages, specifically Prakrit and Tamil. This innovation highlights the dynasty’s engagement in trade and cultural interactions in the region, especially with the Tamil-speaking populations.
    • The use of multiple languages on coins would have facilitated trade and communication across diverse communities and regions, reflecting the cosmopolitan nature of his rule.

 

The reign of Vashistiputra Shiva Sri Satakarni marked an important period for the Satavahana dynasty, characterized by administrative innovation and cultural integration. His efforts to incorporate multiple languages into coinage underscore the importance of trade and communication in ancient India.

Yajna Sri (Yagna Sree) Satakarni

      Yajna Sri Satakarni, also known as Yagna Sree, was an important king of the Satavahana dynasty renowned for his contributions to culture, trade, and Buddhism. Here are the key points regarding his reign and achievements:

 

Key Achievements and Contributions

1. Yagnya Sree Inscription:

    • The Yagnya Sree inscriptionwas discovered in Chinna Ganjam, providing crucial insights into his rule and the historical context of the Satavahana dynasty.

 

2. Coinage and Trade:

    • His coins featured symbols of boats, indicating that foreign trade, particularly with the Roman Empire, occurred during his reign. This highlights the economic connections and maritime trade practiced by the Satavahanas.

 

3. Literature:

    • Historians believe that the Matsya Purana, one of the ancient Indian texts, was composed during his rule, reflecting the cultural and literary developments of the time.

 

4. Historical Mention:

    • The ancient historian Bana, in his work “Harsha Charita,”referred to Yajna Sri Satakarni as “Trisamudradipati”, meaning “Lord of the three oceans,” illustrating his expansive influence and authority.

 

5. Described in Silappadikaram:

    • In the Tamil epic “Silappadikaram,”Yajna Sri is described as “Paasanda Sathan,” suggesting he was viewed as one who opposed traditional rituals of Yajn—indicating a possible shift or critique of ritualistic practices during his time.

 

6. Contemporary of Acharya Nagarjuna:

    • Yajna Sri Satakarni was a contemporary of Acharya Nagarjuna, a prominent figure in Mahayana Buddhism known for his philosophical contributions. This association emphasizes the cultural and religious dialogue that may have flourished during his reign.

 

7. Construction of Parvata Vihara:

    • He built the Parvata Vihara(also known as Mahachaitya Vihara) at Nagarjuna Konda specifically for Acharya Nagarjuna, highlighting his support for Buddhism and its scholars.
    • According to the Chinese traveler Fahien, this Vihara was remarkable, featuring five floors and 1,500 rooms, showcasing its grandeur and importance as a monastic center.

 

Yajna Sri Satakarni’s reign was marked by significant cultural, economic, and religious developments within the Satavahana dynasty. His contributions to trade, literature, and Buddhism demonstrate his role in the wider historical context of ancient India, where religious and commercial interactions played a vital role in shaping societal norms and cultural exchange.

Pulomavi III

      Pulomavi III is recognized as the last ruler of the Satavahana dynasty, a significant period in Indian history. His reign marked the decline of the Satavahana influence, leading to the eventual disintegration of their kingdom. Here are the key points regarding his rule and historical context:

 

Key Points

1. Last Ruler of the Satavahanas:

    • Pulomavi III is regarded as the final kingof the Satavahana dynasty, reflecting the end of a long and influential lineage that shaped the political and cultural landscape of Southern India.

 

2. Fall of the Satavahana Kingdom:

    • The Myakadhoni inscription, located near Bellaryin Karnataka, provides crucial evidence regarding the decline of the Satavahana kingdom during Pulomavi III’s rule. This inscription documents the circumstances leading to the downfall of the dynasty, including the internal and external challenges faced by the Satavahanas in their later years.

 

3. Historical Significance:

    • The Myakadhoni inscription is an essential artifact for understanding the political instability and factors contributing to the disintegration of satavahana authority, such as invasions, succession disputes, and economic decline.

 

Pulomavi III’s reign signifies a crucial turning point in the history of the Satavahana dynasty, marking the end of an era characterized by maritime trade, cultural patronage, and significant architectural contributions. The Myakadhoni inscription serves as a vital record of this decline, providing insights into the challenges faced by the last king and the eventual fragmentation of the Satavahana realm.

Administrative System of the Satavahanas

     The Satavahana dynasty effectively adopted and adapted many elements of the Mauryan administrative system, creating a structured governance framework that supported their rule. Here are the key aspects of their administration:

 

Key Features of Satavahana Administration

1. Hereditary Monarchy:

    • The Satavahana kingdom followed a hereditary monarchysystem, where the throne was typically passed from father to son. This system ensured continuity of leadership and stability within the dynasty.

 

2. Adherence to Dharma Shastra:

    • The Satavahana state operated under the principles outlined in Dharma Shastra, which provided moral and ethical guidelines for governance. This adherence reinforced the legitimacy of their authority and promoted the welfare of their subjects.

 

3. Evidence from Inscriptions:

    • The Junagadh inscriptionprovides valuable information regarding the administrative structure and the roles of various ministers in the Satavahana government.

 

4. Key Ministers (Amatyas):

    • The Satavahana administration included four main ministers known as “Amatyas”, who were crucial advisors to the king. Notably, the position of Amatya was not hereditary, allowing for selection based on merit rather than lineage. The primary roles included:
        • Vishwasamatya: The Prime Minister, responsible for providing internal advice to the king and maintaining loyalty.
        • Rajamatya: The official tasked with implementing the king’s orders and ensuring compliance with royal directives.
        • Mahamatya: The Finance Minister, overseeing the treasury, revenue collection, and economic policies.
        • Mahatalvari: The Commander General of the Army, responsible for military leadership and defense strategies.0

 

5. Diverse Officers:

    • In addition to the key ministers, various officers were appointed to manage different aspects of governance. This included local administrators, tax collectors, and officials responsible for law and order. Their roles reflected a hierarchical system that allowed the Satavahanas to maintain control over their expansive territories.

 

The Satavahana dynasty’s administrative system was characterized by a combination of traditional hereditary monarchy principles and a reliance on capable advisors to implement royal policies. The use of Dharma Shastra as a guiding principle for governance emphasized ethical rule, while the diversified ministerial roles ensured effective management of the kingdom’s affairs.

Important Officers in the Satavahana Administration

      The administrative structure of the Satavahana dynasty was well-organized, consisting of various important officers responsible for different aspects of governance, finance, military, and societal issues. Here’s an overview of some key officers and their roles:

 

Key Officers

1. Hiranika:

    • The Treasurerresponsible for collecting taxes and managing the kingdom’s finances.

 

2. Bhandagarika:

    • The officer in charge of royal goods stores, overseeing the inventory and safeguarding state possessions.

 

3. Mahatalvara:

    • This officer served as a Bodyguardto the king, ensuring the safety and security of the royal person.

 

4. Pratihara:

    • A sentryor soldier tasked with controlling access to the palace and protecting the inner sanctum of royal authority.

 

5. Rajjagahaka:

    • The official responsible for conducting land surveysand collecting taxes, playing a crucial role in land revenue administration.

 

6. Rajuka:

    • A judgewho addressed legal disputes, enforced laws, and administered justice.

 

7. Mahadharmika:

    • An officer overseeing educationand resolving religious conflicts, ensuring the promotion of learning and harmony among different faiths.

 

8. Maha Aryaka:

    • Responsible for managing legal affairs, addressing issues related to the judiciary and legal representation.

 

9. Pattaka Pala:

    • The registrar of land documents, responsible for maintaining records related to land ownership, transactions, and documents.

 

10. Rajavija:

    • The court physicianor doctor, responsible for the health and medical care of the royal family and court members.

Division of Kingdom

The administrative divisions within the Satavahana kingdom were structured as follows:

    • King: The supreme ruler at the top of the hierarchy.
    • Aharas: Administrative divisions or districts within the kingdom.
    • Vishaya: A subdivision under the Aharas, similar to a province or larger administrative unit.
    • Grama (Villages): The smallest administrative unit, consisting of local villages.

Administrators:

    • Amatyas: Governors who assisted the king in managing the kingdom and overseeing various districts.
    • Vishayapati: The chief officer or governor responsible for the administration of a Vishaya.
    • Gramika/Gramini: Local village administrators responsible for managing villages and maintaining order and governance at the grassroots level.

 

The Satavahana administrative system included a variety of officers overseeing different aspects of governance, which allowed for effective management of the kingdom. This well-structured hierarchy facilitated the collection of taxes, administration of justice, and maintenance of law and order, contributing to the stability and growth of the Satavahana dynasty.

Local Body Administration in the Satavahana Kingdom

      The local governance structure of the Satavahana dynasty was intricately organized, with the village being the smallest administrative unit. Here are the key aspects of the local body administration within a village:

Village Administration

1. Village as the Smallest Division:

    • The villageserved as the smallest administrative unit in the Satavahana kingdom, serving as the foundation for local governance and community organization.

 

2. Head of Village Administration:

    • The head of the village administration was known as the Gramikaor Gramini. This official was responsible for overseeing village affairs, maintaining order, and implementing the king’s directives at the village level.

 

3. Problem Resolution Officer:

    • The Mahakaryakaserved as an officer tasked with addressing and resolving issues and disputes among villagers, ensuring the community functions smoothly.

Group of Villages

1. Gulmi:

    • A collection or group of villages was referred to as a Gulmi. This term signifies clusters of settlements functioning together under a unified administrative system.

 

2. Head of Gulmi:

    • The head of the Gulmiwas known as the Gulmika. This position involved supervising multiple villages and acting as a liaison between the village heads and the broader administrative structure of the kingdom.

 

3. Role of Gulmika:

    • According to the Myakadhoni inscription, the Gulmika not only managed the administrative duties but also acted as army chiefsresponsible for maintaining security and defense at the boundaries of the villages. This dual role highlights the importance and authority of the Gulmika in both governance and protection of the community.

 

The local body administration of the Satavahana kingdom was well-structured, ensuring effective governance at the grassroots level. The roles of the Gramika, Mahakaryaka, and Gulmika facilitated community coordination, problem resolution, and maintenance of order, reflecting the importance of local governance in the broader context of the Satavahana dynasty’s administration.

Town Administration in the Satavahana Kingdom

      The administration of towns and cities within the Satavahana dynasty was organized and managed through specific bodies and officials. Here are the key aspects of town administration during this period:

 

Key Features of Town Administration

1. Nigama Sabha:

    • The administration of towns and cities was overseen by the “Nigama Sabha.”This governing body was responsible for managing civic affairs, implementing local policies, and ensuring the welfare of the town’s inhabitants.

 

2. Members of Nigama Sabha:

    • The members of the Nigama Sabha were known as Gahapati, who were community heads and significant figures in society. Their role was crucial in representing the interests of their communities and contributing to the decision-making processes within the town.

 

3. Historical References:

    • The “Bhattiprolu Nigama Sabha inscription”contains references to the town administration during the Satavahanas. This inscription was issued by Kubera, indicating the institutional structure established for governance in urban areas.

 

4. Megasthenes’ Indica:

    • The Greek ambassador Megasthenes, in his work Indica, also mentions the Nigama Sabhas, providing an external perspective on the administrative practices within the Satavahana kingdom and highlighting their importance in urban governance.

 

5. Rajakamket:

    • Rajakamketrefers to specific regions or places where administration was under the direct control of the king. This indicates areas where royal authority was more pronounced, allowing the king to govern and manage operations directly, separate from local administrative bodies.

 

The town administration of the Satavahana kingdom was organized under the Nigama Sabha, ensuring local governance involved community representation through the Gahapati. The references found in various inscriptions and texts illustrate the structured approach to urban administration, highlighting the balance between local governance and royal oversight.

Military Force of the Satavahana Dynasty

      The military organization of the Satavahana dynasty was structured and strategic, reflecting the importance of a strong military in maintaining territorial integrity and responding to external threats. Here are the key aspects of the Satavahana military force:

 

Key Features of the Military Organization

1. Military Mention in Inscriptions:

    • The Hathigumpa inscriptionof Kharavela provides insights into the military forces of the Satavahanas, highlighting the significance of their military organization during that period.

 

2. Four Arms of the Army (Chaturanga):

The Satavahana army was composed of the four arms, commonly referred to as Chaturanga, which included:

    • Infantry: Ground troops who formed the backbone of the army.
    • Cavalry: Mounted soldiers who provided mobility and speed in engagements.
    • Elephantry: Troops that utilized war elephants, which were an important asset in combat for their size and effectiveness.
    • Chariots: Charioteers who operated war chariots, used for rapid movement and tactical advantages in battle.

 

3. Military Camps:

    • Temporary Military Camp (Skandhagara): This term referred to camps set up during military campaigns, providing the army with necessary facilities while on the move.
    • Permanent Military Camp (Kataka): This was a more established camp, akin to modern-day cantonments. Katakas served as long-term military bases, housing troops and providing logistical support for ongoing military operations.

 

The military organization of the Satavahana dynasty was comprehensive and strategically efficient, with a structured approach to incorporating multiple arms of warfare. The mention of military tactics and camps in the inscriptions demonstrates the importance of military readiness and organizing forces for both temporary and long-term engagements.

Economic System of the Satavahana Dynasty

      The economic foundation of the Satavahana dynasty was primarily agrarian, with agriculture serving as the principal occupation of the people. Here are the key features of the economic system during this period:

 

Key Features of the Economic System

1. Agricultural Base:

    • Agriculture was the mainstay of the Satavahana economy, with fertile lands enabling the cultivation of various crops. The majority of the population engaged in farming, making it the backbone of the kingdom’s economy.

 

2. Land Designation:

    • Land where crops were cultivated was referred to as Sitakshetram, and the official overseeing this area was known as the Sitaadyakshya.

 

3. Land Measurement:

    • Land was measured in units called Nivarthana, with one Nivarthana equaling approximately 1.5 acres.

 

4.  Taxation System:

The primary source of revenue for the kingdom was land tax, known as Bhaga or Dheyameya. This tax was collected in two forms:

    • Dheya: A monetary tax.
    • Meya: A tax collected in the form of produce, usually around 1/6th of the crop yield. 

Additional taxes included:

        • Kurukara: A tax on artisans.
        • Shulka: A tax on water resources.
        • Kara: A tax on vegetable and fruit crops.

Land donated to Brahmins and Buddhist monks was generally exempt from taxation, highlighting their special status in society.

Scientific Agricultural Innovations:

     The Satavahanas recognized the importance of agricultural advancements and appointed experts, known as Odhayantrika, to develop new tools and methods. Some notable innovations included:

      • Udhaga Yantram: A ploughing machine.
      • Gati Yantram: A device for pulling water.
      • Garika Yantram: A machine for separating seeds from raw cotton.
      • Rihatta Gadiya: A tool for fetching water.

Water Resources and Irrigation

1. Irrigation Systems:

The Satavahana rulers developed advanced irrigation techniques to support agriculture, including:

      • Upadhana: Water resource management.
      • Thadaga: Wells, lakes, and tanks used for collecting water.
      • Rahata Gadiya: A system of lift irrigation, showcasing the advanced engineering practices of the time.
      • Paniya Gaharika: An official responsible for managing water supplies.

Types of Farmers

1. Halika:

    • Small-scale farmers who worked smaller plots of land.

2. Gahapati / Samsarin:

    • Large-scale farmers, or Zamindars, who managed extensive lands and played a key role in agricultural production.

Agricultural Production

1. Important Crops:

    • The Satavahana kingdom produced a variety of crops, including:
        • Paddy
        • Turmeric
        • Sugarcane
        • Cotton
        • Wheat
        • Jute

2. Exports:

    • One of the key exports during the Satavahana period was coconut, particularly from Maliyadesam to South India by the 1st century A.D., reflecting the kingdom’s active trade relations with neighboring regions.

Conclusion

      The economic system of the Satavahana dynasty thrived primarily due to its agricultural base, supported by a well-organized taxation system, innovative irrigation techniques, and agricultural advancements. The kingdom’s diverse agricultural output, coupled with its trade activities, contributed to the prosperity and stability of the dynasty. The systematic management of land, resources, and taxes helped maintain a steady flow of revenue and facilitated growth across various sectors.

Shreni / Professional Associations in the Satavahana Dynasty

      During the Satavahana dynasty, professional associations played an essential role in the economic and social structure of the kingdom. These associations, known as Shrenis, were guilds formed by individuals engaged in specific trades or professions. Here are the key aspects of Shrenis and their impact on the economy:

 

Key Features of Shrenis

1. Organization of Professions:

    • Each profession had its association called a Shreni, which provided a structured framework for artisans and traders. The head of the Shreni was referred to as “Shresti”(or Shetty), typically an esteemed member of the professional community.

 

2. Types of Shrenis:

There were 18 different types of Shrenisor guilds, representing a variety of trades:

    1. Kolika– Weavers
    2. Halika– (specific association not defined)
    3. Thilapistika– (specific association not defined)
    4. Kularika– Farmers, Oil Millers, Potters
    5. Udhaya Yantrika– Operators of water machines
    6. Vadhaka– Carpenters
    7. Gandhika– (specific association not defined)
    8. Kasakara– (specific association not defined)
    9. Thesakara– (specific association not defined)
    10. Kamaras– (specific association not defined)
    11. Malakara– (specific association not defined)
    12. Lohavaniya– (specific association not defined)
    13. Suvanakara– (specific association not defined)
    14. Selavadhakas– (specific association not defined)
    15. Avesina– (specific association not defined)
    16. Lekakas– Perfume Makers, Brass Workers, Stone Polishers, Blacksmiths, Flower Merchants, Iron Merchants, Goldsmiths, Architects, Artisans, Writers
    17. Chammakaras– Leatherworkers
    18. Pasakaras– Medhari Varu (specific association not defined)

 

3. Economic Functions:

    • The Shrenis functioned similarly to modern banks, accepting deposits and providing loans. The standard interest rate during this period was around 12% per annum.
    • For instance, according to Rishabadatta’s Nasik inscription, Rishabadattaborrowed 2000 Karshapanas from the Kolika Shreni of Govardhan Mandal at an interest rate of 12%. After repayment, the Kolika Shreni donated the money to Buddhist monks.

Technological Innovations and Exports

1. Innovations in Agriculture:

    • During the reign of Vashistiputra Pulomavi, a significant invention was made by a man named Rakkasi Lotai, who developed a machine known as “Giraka”to separate seeds from cotton. This innovation greatly improved the efficiency of cotton processing.

 

2. Impact on Textile Production:

    • Thanks to the Giraka, the cotton seeds were separated more easily, allowing for faster textile production. Consequently, clothes produced during this time were exported to the Roman Empire.

 

3. Historical Insights:

    • The Roman historian Plinyobserved that men in the Roman Empire were attracted to women wearing soft muslin clothes imported from India. This fashion trend not only increased demand for Indian textiles but also highlighted the cultural exchanges between India and Rome, reflecting on the societal values of the time.

 

4. Evidence of Local Production:

    • Archaeological findings such as tools of goldsmiths at Kotilingalaand evidence of Vooj, a type of iron manufactured at Kondapur in Medak district, illustrate the thriving artisan and craft classes within the Satavahana economy.

 

The Shreni system played a pivotal role in organizing various professions, facilitating economic exchange, and fostering technological advancements within the Satavahana dynasty. The structure of guilds contributed to the economic strength of the kingdom and promoted trade relations, both locally and with distant partners like the Roman Empire.

Trade in the Satavahana Dynasty

     The economic framework of the Satavahana dynasty was significantly defined by an active trading system, both domestically and internationally. Here’s an overview of the key features of trade during this period:

 

Key Features of Trade

1. Barter System:

    • During the Satavahana period, the barter systemwas predominantly used for trading goods and services, facilitating exchanges without the use of currency in the initial stages.

 

2. Trade Unions and Punch Marked Coins:

    • Trade unions played a prominent role in commerce, issuing “Punch marked coins”that were used as a form of currency in transactions.

3. Types of Traders:

    • Domestic traders were known as “Sedhi,”involved in local trade.
    • Those engaged in foreign trade were referred to as “Sarthavahas.”

 

4. Transportation:

    • The primary mode of transportation for goods was via bullock carts, allowing for the movement of commodities overland.

 

5. Protection During Travel:

    • Long-distance businessmen formed unions known as “Bidaras”to provide safety and protection against thieves during their travels.

 

6. Key Trade Centers:

Important trade centers included:

    • Kotilingala
    • Dhulikatta
    • Kondapur

Literary Sources on Trade and Port Cities

1. Periplus of the Erythraean Sea:

    • An important literary source by an unknown author that mentions Arikamedu(near Puducherry) as an international sea port, reflecting active maritime trade.

 

2. Ptolemy’s “Guide to Geography”

3. Pliny’s Natural History:

    • According to Pliny, Roman womenimported fine cloth from India, resulting in substantial trade, where approximately five crores of sterling Roman gold coins were given in return, showcasing the economic exchange between India and Rome.

Port Cities

West Coast Important Ports:
    • Bharukacha (Bharuch, Gujarat)
    • Kalyan (Karnataka)
    • Sopara (Maharashtra)

 

East Coast Important Ports:
    • Maisolia (Motupalli)

Significant Production Centers

    • Gudur: Known for soft or thin clothes.
    • Machilipatnam: Famous for muslin.
    • Palanadu: Recognized for the diamond industry.
    • Vinukonda: Noted for the metal industry.
    • Konasamudram (Karimnagar): Famous for producing high-quality iron.
Exports of the Satavahana Dynasty

The Satavahana economy thrived due to the export of various goods, including:

    • Soft clothes and muslin
    • Toys and crafts made from elephant trunk material
    • Spices, sandalwood, and forest herbs
    • Luxury items such as golden chairs, gems, and pearls
    • Sugar, oil, and ghee
    • Female slaves

 

Imports of the Satavahana Dynasty

The imports included:

    • Gold, silver, and pearls
    • Silk and camphor

Coins and Currency

1. Roman Coins:

    • Roman coins have been found across Andhra and Telangana, indicative of robust trade relations with the Roman Empire.
    • Coins with the images of Augustusand Tiberius were discovered at Peddabhankur, while coins from Emperor Claudius were found in Gutiparti of Nalgonda.
    • Gold and silver coins were also unearthed in various locations, including Gutiparti, Yeleswaram, and Akkinapallyin Nalgonda district.
    • Roman gold coins were found at Nagavarappaduin Khammam district, alongside discoveries at Arikamedu.

 

2. Minted Coins:

    • The Satavahanas minted coins in various metals such as copper, lead, tin, silver, gold, and potin alloy.
    • Gold coinswere referred to as Suvarnas, while silver coins were called Karshapanas, with one gold coin typically equating to 35 Karshapanas.
    • Lead coins were produced on a large scale, reflecting their role in local trade.

 

The trade system of the Satavahana dynasty was characterized by a well-structured organization, with extensive domestic and foreign trade relations. The use of various types of coins facilitated trade, while the production of valuable goods and the establishment of significant trade centers contributed to the economic prosperity of the kingdom.

Social Conditions During the Satavahana Dynasty

     The social structure of the Satavahana dynasty was characterized by a blend of cultures and various social practices. Here are the key features of social conditions during this period:

 

Key Features of Social Conditions

1. Composite Culture:

    • The Satavahana period was marked by a composite culturethat was a mixture of Dravida (South Indian) and Aryan (North Indian) cultures, reflecting the diverse influences that shaped society.

 

2. Caste System:

    • A four-fold caste systemwas present, but it was not as rigidly enforced. This allowed for greater social mobility and interaction among different groups.
    • Due to the relatively weak caste system, inter-caste marriageswere fairly common, promoting social integration.

 

3. Social Status of Brahmins:

    • Brahminsheld the highest regard in society, often acting as priests and scholars. Their status and roles in rituals contributed to their elevated position.

 

4. Origin of the Caste System:

    • The caste system emerged from the Shrenis(guilds) and while it had social recognition, there was generally no caste-based discrimination in access to rights or resources.

 

5. Family Structure:

    • The society followed a patriarchal system, supported by a joint family system, where extended families typically lived together and shared resources.

 

6. Women’s Rights and Roles:

    • Women enjoyed certain freedoms, including property rights, which allowed them to own and manage resources.
    • They were free to patronize any religion and participate in Yagas(rituals) alongside men, indicating a degree of equality in religious practices.

 

7. Social Practices:

    • Polygyny(a man having multiple wives) was practiced, and the practice of Sati (a widow self-immolating on her husband’s funeral pyre) was noted by historians like Strabo during this period.
    • Widow remarriagewas not common, reflecting certain societal constraints on women’s lives.

 

8. Respect for Certain Social Groups:

    • Prostitutes were given a measure of respect within society, indicating nuanced social attitudes towards different professions.
    • Dancers often adorned themselves with makeup called “Aradalam,”highlighting the cultural importance of performing arts.

 

9. Dress and Adornments:

    • Women typically wore an Uttariya(a type of wrap or shawl) instead of blouses, and men and women alike wore a traditional headgear/turban known as “Ushniya.”

 

10. Slavery:

    • Slavery existed during this period, reflecting broader practices of servitude and labor dynamics in ancient societies.

 

11. Festivals and Celebrations:

Various festivals were celebrated, as recorded in Vatsayana’s Kamasutra:

    • Madanostavam
    • Koumudi Yagam
    • Ghata Nibandhana
    • Halaka
    • Udyanavana

 

12. Musical Instruments:

  The Satavahana period had a rich cultural life,with musical instruments such as the Veena, Flute,  Mridangam and Shankam  being  prominent  in performances  and  rituals.

 

The social conditions during the Satavahana dynasty reflected a complex interplay of cultural practices, gender roles, and social structures. While there were traditional systems in place, the relative openness regarding inter-caste marriages and the roles of women indicates a society that was dynamic and evolving.

Religious Landscape of the Satavahana Dynasty

      The Satavahana dynasty was marked by a rich and diverse religious environment, with major faiths such as Vedic religion, Buddhism, and Jainism coexisting and flourishing. Here’s an overview of the key aspects of religious conditions during this period:

 

Vedic Religion (Brahmanism)
1. Dominance of Vedic Practices:

     The Satavahanas primarily adhered to Vedic religion, also known as Brahmanism. This included rituals, ceremonies, and the worship of a variety of deities central to Vedic traditions.

 

Nanaghat Inscription:

    • The Nanaghat Inscription, an important artifact from the period, references deities such as Indra, Agni, and Varuna, beginning with a prayer to Indra. This highlights the significance of these deities in the Vedic practices of the time.

 

Hala’s Gatha Saptashati:

    • In Hala’s Gatha Saptashati, a work of literature from the Satavahana period, the text begins with a prayer to Lord Shiva and concludes with a hymn to Gowri, reflecting the integration of Shaivism into Vedic practices.

 

2. Shaivism

1. Pashupata Shaivism:

    • A significant sect of Shaivism during the Satavahana period was Pashupata Shaivism, founded by Lakulisa. It is considered one of the earliest forms of Shaivism in India.
    • Pashupata followers worshipped Pashupati, a form of Lord Shiva, and emphasized values of peace and non-violence, prohibiting sacrifices in their practices.

 

2. Gudimallam Temple:

    • The Gudimallam Temple in Chittoor is regarded as the oldest Shaivite temple in Andhra Pradesh. It houses a 14-foot high Shiva lingam and dates back to the 2nd century BCE, reflecting the active worship of Shiva by the Satavahanas.

Jainism in the Satavahana Dynasty

      Jainism, especially through the influence of the Digambara sect, had a prominent presence during the Satavahana period. Here are the key aspects of Jainism during this era:

1. Dominance of Digambara Jainism:

    • The Digambara sect of Jainism was the predominant form of the faith in the region. Known for its asceticism and renunciation, Digambara Jains practiced strict vows of non-violence and detachment.

 

2. Jina Prabhasuri’s Kalpa Pradeepa:

    • In the text Kalpa Pradeepa by Jina Prabhasuri, it is mentioned that 52 army chiefs constructed 52 Jain temples during the Satavahana period, demonstrating the patronage and significance of Jainism in the kingdom.

 

3. Role of Samprati:

    • Samprati, the grandson of Emperor Ashoka, was instrumental in spreading Jainism in the region. He sent missionaries to Andhra, helping to further entrench Jainism in the Satavahana lands.

 

4. Birthplace of Jain Tirthankara:

    • The 10th Jain Tirthankara, Sheetalanatha, was born in Bhadrachalam (historically known as Badalpuri) in Khammam district, marking an important religious milestone for Jains.

 

5. Patronage by Sri Mukha:

    • The Satavahana ruler Sri Mukha was a known patron of Jainism, as evidenced by coins found at Munulagutta in Karimnagar, which indicate his support for Jain religious practices.

Kondakundacharya:

       Kondakundacharya, a prominent Digambara Jain monk, played a critical role in the development of Jain philosophy. He introduced two key doctrines:

    • Shadvadam: The six aspects of reality.
    • Anekantha Vadam: The doctrine of non-absolutism, which promotes understanding different perspectives of truth.
    • Kondakundacharya also divided the Digambara sect into two sub-sects: Balatkara Gachcham and Vakra Gachcham.
    • His influential works include:
        • Samayasara: A focus on Jain principles.
        • Pravachanasara: Discussing moral and ethical conduct in Jainism.
        • Panchastikayasara: A treatise on the five substances central to Jain philosophy.

 

Key Jain Centers:

Prominent Jain centers during the Satavahana period included:

    • Potla Cheruvu (Patancheruvu)
    • Munulagutta (Karimnagar)
    • Kolanupaka
    • Vemulavada

 

Buddhism in the Satavahana Dynasty

      Buddhism also played a significant role in the religious landscape of the Satavahana dynasty, with notable contributions from the kings and religious leaders of the time:

1. Introduction and Spread:

    • Buddhism began to spread in Andhra and Telangana as early as the 6th century BCE, during the lifetime of Gautama Buddha, laying the foundation for its growth in the region.

 

2. Visit to Amaravati:

    • According to tradition, Gautama Buddha visited Amaravati at the request of King Subendran of Shambhala and delivered teachings there. This visit symbolized the integration of Buddhist philosophy with the local culture.

Patronage of Buddhism by Satavahana Kings:

While the Satavahana kings primarily patronized Vedic religion, they also supported Buddhism, reflecting a level of religious tolerance and the coexistence of multiple belief systems in their realm.

Role of Satavahana Queens:

    • Queens of the Satavahana dynasty, particularly Gautami Balasree, were instrumental in promoting Buddhism. Gautami Balasree donated the Nasik caves in Maharashtra to the Badraniya Buddhism sect, showcasing active royal involvement in supporting religious institutions.

 

Emergence of Buddhist Sects:

    • A new Buddhist sect, Chaityaka Vadham, emerged in Andhra during the Satavahana period. Founded by Mahadeva Bikshuvu, this sect focused on communal worship and assembly practices.

 

Prominent Buddhist Philosopher – Acharya Nagarjuna:

       Acharya Nagarjuna was one of the most influential Buddhist philosophers of the Satavahana period. He played a significant role in the development of Mahayana Buddhism, founding the Madhyamika school of thought.

    • Nagarjuna’s teachings focused on the middle path and the concept of emptiness (Shunyata), which had a profound impact on Buddhist philosophy.
    • He also contributed to the establishment of monastic centers that facilitated the spread of Buddhism in the region.

Achievements of Acharya Nagarjuna

1. Titles and Recognition:

    • Nagarjuna was referred to as the Second Buddha for his immense contributions to Buddhist thought.
    • He was also called the Indian Martin Luther for his reformative ideas within Buddhism and Indian Einstein due to the intellectual depth of his philosophy on emptiness.

 

2. Establishment of Institutions:

    • Nagarjuna founded Nagarjuna University on Sri Parvatham, which became one of the leading institutions for Buddhist learning in India after Taxila.

 

3. Expansion of Mahayana Buddhism:

    • Nagarjuna played a critical role in expanding Mahayana Buddhism in Southern India, particularly in Andhra.

 

4. Architectural Contributions:

    • He was responsible for building a stone arcade for the Mahachaitya at Amaravati and a Shilamantapa at Srisailam, both important in Buddhist worship and community activities.

 

5. Literary Works:

Nagarjuna was a prolific writer with 24 books in Sanskrit, including:

    • Suhrullekha: A conversation between Nagarjuna and Yajna Sri Satakarni, which was widely memorized by students of the time.
    • Ratnavali: Discusses the welfare state and administrative policies.
    • Pragnaparamita Shastram: Focuses on the Perfection of Wisdom, central to Mahayana Buddhism.

 

Acharya Nagarjuna’s Contributions to Buddhism and Philosophy

     Acharya Nagarjuna, one of the most prominent figures in the history of Buddhism, made significant contributions to Mahayana Buddhism, particularly in the realms of philosophy, education, and the development of key Buddhist doctrines. His work during the Satavahana dynasty had a lasting impact, shaping the course of Buddhist thought and practice. Below are key aspects of Nagarjuna’s philosophical innovations, his disciples, and important Buddhist centers during this period.

 

Key Works by Nagarjuna

1. Aarogya Manjari:

    • A notable work by Nagarjuna, focusing on health and medicine, reflecting his interdisciplinary approach to knowledge.

 

2. Rasavadham (Contributions to Physics):

    • A treatise exploring the concept of matter and its transformations, contributing to early philosophical concepts that have been compared to modern physics.

 

3. Shunyata Saptathi:

    • A text discussing Shunyata (emptiness), a core doctrine in Mahayana Buddhism, emphasizing the nature of reality and its perceived emptiness.

 

4. Madhyamika Karika:

    • Nagarjuna’s foundational work on the Madhyamika School of Philosophy, which advocates the middle path between extremes. This text is central to his teaching on the emptiness of all phenomena.

 

5. Rasa Ratnakaram (Focused on Chemistry):

    • Another important work by Nagarjuna, focusing on chemical processes and transformations, showing his broad intellectual pursuits beyond just philosophy.

 

6. Pragna Paramita:

    • A significant text in Mahayana Buddhism, elaborating on the Perfection of Wisdom and contributing to the development of Mahayana teachings.

Philosophical Innovations

1. Madhyamika School of Philosophy:

    • Nagarjuna established the Madhyamika School, which advocates the middle way. This framework emphasizes avoiding extremes, presenting a balanced approach to understanding reality that steers clear of absolute truths or nihilism.

 

2. Sunyata (Emptiness):

    • One of Nagarjuna’s most revolutionary contributions was his teaching on Shunyata, or emptiness. He argued that all phenomena are empty of inherent existence, meaning nothing possesses an independent, fixed essence. This concept has profound implications for understanding the nature of reality and is often compared to modern theoretical ideas, such as Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, for its depth and transformative potential.

Disciple and Succession

        Aryadeva, one of Nagarjuna’s most prominent disciples, played a crucial role in continuing and expanding Nagarjuna’s teachings. Aryadeva authored important works, including the Chittasuddi Prakaranam, and succeeded Nagarjuna as the head of Nagarjuna University. Aryadeva’s leadership helped preserve and propagate Nagarjuna’s philosophical legacy, particularly in Buddhist education.

Important Buddhist Centers

       During the Satavahana period, several significant Buddhist sites emerged, which became key centers of learning, worship, and cultural exchange:

1. Dhulikatta (Peddapally District):

    • A key Buddhist site known for its historical significance and its connection to Nagarjuna’s influence in the region.

 

2. Nandikonda and Gajula Banda (Nalgonda District):

    • Important Buddhist centers in Nalgonda, notable for their rich archaeological and spiritual heritage.

 

3. Phanigiri (Suryapet District):

    • Famous for its artifacts, including the Buddha’s foot and Dharma chakra, which highlight the cultural importance of Buddhism in this area.

 

4. Nelakondapalli (Khammam District):

    • Known for its bronze Buddha statue and a white stone stupa, this site is significant for its historical and artistic value in the context of Buddhist architecture.

 

5. Jeelakarragudem (Warangal District):

    • Another important Buddhist site, contributing to the rich tapestry of religious and cultural centers in the region.

 

6. Nagarjuna Konda:

    • A particularly iconic site for Mahayana Buddhism, Nagarjuna Konda is renowned for its historical, philosophical, and cultural significance. It became a major center of Buddhist learning, especially the Aparashaila Chaitaka Philosophy, which contributed to the intellectual foundation of Mahayana Buddhism.

Legacy of Acharya Nagarjuna

       Acharya Nagarjuna’s contributions to Buddhism were transformative, particularly in the development of Mahayana Buddhism. His emphasis on emptiness (Shunyata) and the middle way reshaped Buddhist thought, laying the foundation for philosophical schools that continue to influence Buddhist teachings worldwide. Nagarjuna’s establishment of Buddhist centers, his leadership in Buddhist education, and his prolific writings ensured the continuation of his ideas long after his death. His influence on the religious and philosophical landscape of India during the Satavahana period, and his enduring legacy in the history of Buddhism, remain significant to this day.

Sub Topics

Art and Architecture of the Satavahana Dynasty

      The Satavahana dynasty is renowned for its unique contributions to Indian art and architecture, particularly through the Amaravati School of Art, which has left a lasting legacy in Buddhist art and architectural forms. Below are the key aspects of the Amaravati Stupa and its significance:

Amaravati Stupa

1. Location:

    • The Amaravati Stupa is situated in Guntur district, located on the banks of the Krishna River. It is one of the most important sites for understanding the development of Buddhist architecture in India.

 

2. Historical Discovery:

    • The stupa was identified by Colonel Colin Mackenzie, who served as the first Director General of the Survey of India, in the year 1797. His discovery helped bring the site to the attention of historians and archaeologists.

 

3. Dimensions:

    • The stupa has a significant perimeter of approximately 435 feet and a height of 20 meters. Its grand scale demonstrated the architectural and engineering capabilities of the time.

 

4. Historical Context:

    • The Amaravati Stupa was constructed during the reign of Pulomavi II, reflecting the dynasty’s support for Buddhism as a major religious and cultural force in the region.

 

5. Symbolism on Ayakapatakam:

The stupa features decorative plates made of white stone known as “Ayakapatakam,” which depict important symbols related to the life of Buddha. These include:

    • Buddha’s Birth: Represented by the Lotus, signifying purity and new beginnings.
    • Mahabhinishkramana: The Great Renunciation, depicted as a Horse, symbolizing Buddha’s departure from his royal life.
    • Enlightenment (Nirvana): Shown with the Bodhi tree (Peepal tree), representing the moment of Buddha’s enlightenment under the tree.
    • Dharma Chakra Parivartan: Illustrated as a Wheel, symbolizing the turning of the wheel of Dharma or Buddha’s teachings.
    • Mahaparinirvana (Death): Represented by the Stupa, marking the final passing of Buddha into Nirvana.

 

6. Additional Symbolism:

    • The Ayakapatakam also features images of Purna Khumbham (a pot symbolizing abundance) and Vinayaka (an aspect of Ganesha), indicating a blend of religious motifs that reflect the cultural pluralism of the time.

 

7. Artistic Recognition:

    • The sculptures and artistic craftsmanship of the Amaravati Stupa have been described by James Fergusson as the “epitome of Indian architecture.” This recognition highlights the stupa’s significance as a masterpiece of Buddhist art and its influence on subsequent architectural styles in India.

 

The Amaravati Stupa stands as a monumental achievement of the Satavahana dynasty, showcasing the rich artistic traditions and religious devotion of the period. Its intricate symbolism and grand architecture continue to influence interpretations of Buddhist art in India.

Stupas and Monastic Architecture in Telangana

      The Satavahana dynasty played a crucial role in the development of Buddhist architecture, particularly through the construction of stupas, viharas, and chaityas. Here are the key features and notable sites related to these structures in Telangana:

Stupas in Telangana

1. Older Stupas:

    • The stupas located in Dhulikatta and Pashigam in Telangana are older than the Amaravati stupa, indicating the region’s historical significance in early Buddhist architecture.

 

2. Dhulikatta Stupa:

    • The Dhulikatta stupa was built in the 2nd century BCE. It is notable for having engravings, including the footprints of Buddha.
    • One plaque of the Dhulikatta stupa features a sculpture of Nagamuchilinda with five heads, positioned above the footprints of Gautama Buddha. This representation highlights the syncretic nature of Buddhist art in the region.

 

3. Construction by the Satavahanas:

    • The Satavahanas built various stupas, chaityas (prayer halls), and viharas (monasteries) throughout their kingdom, contributing to the spread of Buddhism and its practice.

 

4. Types of Stupas:

    • Stupas can be classified into three types:
        1. Relics Stupa: Contains the physical remains of Buddha and his disciples.
        2. Object Stupa: Houses objects used by Buddha and his disciples.
        3. Symbolic Stupa: Represents aspects of Buddhist teachings and principles.

 

5. Significant Stupas:

    • The oldest stupa in Andhra Pradesh is the Bhattiprolu stupa. Additional stupas can be found in rock-cut caves, such as the Guntupalli Stupa in West Godavari and the Shankaram Stupa.

Viharas and Chaityas

1. Vihara:

    • A vihara refers to a monastery for Buddhist monks. In Sanskrit, it means “dwelling” or “house.” Viharas were typically square-shaped structures serving as living quarters for monks.

 

2. Chaityas:

    • Chaityas are prayer halls used by Buddhist monks, characterized by their rectangular shape. They often housed stupas.
    • The oldest chaitya in Andhra Pradesh is located at Guntupalli. The Karle chaitya in Maharashtra is noted as the largest cave chaitya in India, also built during the Satavahana period.

 

3. Aramam:

    • Aramam refers to a complex where stupas, viharas, and chaityas are located in close proximity. An example of an Aramam can be found in the Guntupalli cave complex, which combines these important religious structures.

 

The religious architecture of the Satavahana dynasty, particularly in Telangana, reflects a rich heritage of Buddhist practice and monastic life. The construction of stupas, viharas, and chaityas not only signifies the devotion of the Satavahana rulers to Buddhism but also illustrates the dynamic cultural exchanges of the time.

Art and Painting During the Satavahana Dynasty

      The Satavahana dynasty was notable not only for its architectural achievements but also for its contributions to art, particularly in painting and sculpture:

Paintings

1. Ajanta Caves:

    • The paintings in the 9th and 10th caves of Ajanta are attributed to the Satavahana period. These caves are located in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, and are renowned for their intricate and vibrant artworks.

 

2. Shweta Gaja Jataka / Shaddantha Jataka Katha Paintings:

    • Among the significant artworks, the Shweta Gaja Jataka and Shaddantha Jataka Katha paintings found in the 10th cave of Ajanta showcase stories from the Jataka tales, which recount the previous lives of Buddha. These paintings reflect the rich narrative style of Buddhist art during this time.

 

3. Evolution of Painting:

    • The Ajanta caves are known for exhibiting some of the first examples of “completely evolved painting,” marked by advanced techniques and artistic expression, setting the stage for future Indian art.

 

4. Gudimallam Sculpture:

    • In addition to paintings, the best sculpture of the Satavahana period is considered to be the sculpture of Lord Shiva with Trishula located in Gudimallam. This sculpture displays the sophisticated artistry of the period and the religious significance of Shiva worship.

 

Evolution of the Telugu Language

The Satavahana dynasty also played a crucial role in the development of the Telugu language:

1. Emergence of Telugu:

    • The Telugu language began to evolve during the Satavahana period, demonstrating the cultural and linguistic developments of the time.

 

2. First Evidence of Telugu:

    • The first recorded word in Telugu, “Nagabu,” appears on the Amaravati Inscription, indicating the early use of the language in inscriptions.

 

3. Myakadoni Inscription:

    • The Telugu word recorded in the Myakadoni Inscription is “Vepuru,” which further attests to the linguistic progression.

 

4. Chandorupam:

    • The first known Chandorupam (poetic composition) in Telugu is “Kandam.”

 

5. Telugu Words in Hala’s Gatha Saptashati:

The Gatha Saptashati composed by Hala contains several Telugu words, including:

    • Atta (father)
    • Addam (brother)
    • Potta (daughter)
    • Tuppu (buttermilk)
    • Padi (to cut)
    • Pandi (soldier)
    • Pilla (child)

 

The Satavahana period was a time of significant artistic achievement and linguistic development. The paintings in the Ajanta caves and the sculptures of the era are celebrated for their artistic valor, while the emergence of the Telugu language during this time marks a crucial point in the linguistic history of South India.

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