Global Corruption Index
Introduction
The index, which ranks 180 countries by their perceived levels of public sector corruption uses a scale of zero to 100, where “zero” is highly corrupt and “100” is very clean.
Overall Results:
- Denmark ranks as the least corrupt country globally.
- South Sudan ranks as the most corrupt country with a score of only 8 points.
- The CPI ranks 180 countries and territories based on perceived public sector corruption, using a scale from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean).
India’s Ranking:
- India is ranked 96th, dropping three positions from 93rd in the previous year.
- India’s CPI score decreased from 39 in 2023 to 38 in 2024.
Neighboring Countries’ Rankings:
- Pakistan: 135th position.
- Sri Lanka: 121st position.
- Bangladesh: 149th position.
- China: 76th position.
Trends in Global Rankings:
- Major global powers like the United States and France saw declines in their CPI scores.
- The U.S. score dropped from 69 to 65, ranking 28th, down from 24th.
- France slipped four points to 67, now at 25th.
- Russia’s score further declined, reflecting ongoing authoritarianism post-invasion of Ukraine.
Corruption’s Broader Impacts:
- The report emphasizes the interplay between corruption and climate change efforts.
- Corruption leads to the mismanagement of climate funds and hinders effective policy-making.
- Reports indicate that high levels of corruption deter environmental progress and exacerbate global heating consequences.
Global Corruption Landscape:
- A total of 148 countries have either stagnated or worsened in their corruption levels since 2012.
- Corruption is framed as a significant barrier to democracy, stability, and human rights protections globally.
Call to Action:
- The report urges the international community to prioritize combating corruption.
- It emphasizes the need for concrete actions to address corruption to ensure sustainable development and democratic resilience
Q: Why is combating corruption emphasized in the report?
- To promote economic growth
- To address climate change
- To ensure sustainable development and democratic resilience
- To reduce poverty
Answer: c) To ensure sustainable development and democratic resilience
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD)
- Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting livestock, leading to significant economic repercussions. In response, the Union Government has implemented several measures, outlined below:
- National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP): Launched in 2019, this initiative offers 100% central assistance to states and Union Territories for FMD vaccination. As of 2021, NADCP has been incorporated into the Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme (LHDCP).
- Centralized Procurement and Supply: The government oversees the procurement and supply of quality FMD vaccines and ear tags for states and Union Territories.
- Financial Support for States and UTs: Financial assistance is provided for the purchase of vaccination accessories, enhancement of cold chain infrastructure, and awareness initiatives for stakeholders.
- Support for Research Institutions: Financial backing is extended to various research institutions, including the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), National Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (NIFMD) in Bhubaneswar, Indian Veterinary Research Institutes (IVRI) in Bareilly and Bengaluru, and the National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) in Bengaluru, for FMD-related activities.
- Data Management: Data on livestock registration using ear tags and vaccination records is uploaded to the Bharat Pashudhan portal.
- Vaccination Statistics: As of January 2025, a total of 107.34 crore vaccinations against FMD have been administered under the NADCP. The vaccinations have been conducted in rounds, with the following figures: 16.91 crore for Round I, 24.18 crore for Round II, 24.23 crore for Round III, and 24.84 crore for Round IV. Rounds V and VI are currently underway, with 14.89 crore and 2.29 crore vaccinations completed, respectively.
- Review Mechanisms: On August 17, 2024, the Department conducted a review to assess progress towards achieving an FMD-free Bharat. Regional review meetings are organized twice a year, gathering representatives from all states and Union Territories to evaluate ongoing initiatives, address challenges, and share best practices. Additionally, national meetings, such as the monsoon meet and various conclaves, are held to review FMD control measures with state and UT officials.
- Reduction in Outbreaks: There has been a notable decline in FMD outbreaks, dropping by over 60% in the five years following the implementation of NADCP. Recent outbreaks are sporadic and generally affect a limited number of animals.
- Surveillance and Monitoring: Timely sampling plans are shared with states, while seromonitoring indicates an increasing trend in protective titres. Additionally, serosurveillance values are demonstrating a decreasing trend, highlighting the success of the vaccination program.
- Support under LHDCP: The LHDCP offers 100% assistance to all states and Union Territories for controlling and eradicating FMD in accordance with the scheme’s operational guidelines. Although establishing FMD-free zones is viewed as an intermediate measure tailored to regional needs, currently, nine states—Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Uttarakhand—have been identified for special focus to achieve FMD-free status. Further expansion to include additional states will depend on specific needs and circumstances.
Q) What is the name of the organization providing financial backing to research institutions under the FMD control program?
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
- National Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (NIFMD)
- Indian Veterinary Research Institutes (IVRI)
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI)
Answer: a) Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
IIT Madras and ISRO Develop IRIS Chip
- The Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) have achieved a significant milestone in semiconductor technology with the development and successful testing of an aerospace-quality SHAKTI-based semiconductor chip named IRIS (Indigenous RISC-V Controller for Space Applications).
- This endeavor is part of India’s broader push towards self-reliance in technology, in alignment with the ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat‘mission.
Background of the SHAKTI Project
The SHAKTI project, under the ‘Digital India RISC-V’ initiative, is backed by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. This initiative focuses on fostering the indigenous development of microprocessor-based products. RISC-V, an open-source Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), provides the flexibility and security necessary for crafting tailor-made processors.
Development Process of the IRIS Chip
Designed by the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) in Thiruvananthapuram and implemented by IIT Madras, the entire process of chip design, fabrication, and packaging was conducted in India. The chip was manufactured at the Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL) in Chandigarh and packaged by Tata Advanced Systems in Karnataka.
Features and Applications of the IRIS Chip
The IRIS chip is tailored for a variety of applications, including Internet of Things (IoT) devices and computing systems that cater to strategic needs. It encompasses fault-tolerant internal memories to bolster reliability and integrates custom functional modules like CORDIC and WATCHDOG timers, making it well-suited for space mission applications.
Significance of the Achievement
This milestone represents a crucial step toward achieving self-reliance in semiconductor technology in India. The IRIS chip is the third in the series of SHAKTI chips developed, following RIMO in 2018 and MOUSHIK in 2020. The successful booting of the chip underscores India’s growing capabilities in developing a comprehensive semiconductor ecosystem.
Future Prospects
ISRO has plans to conduct flight tests on a product based on the IRIS controller in the near future. The successful development of this chip is anticipated to greatly enhance future embedded controllers for space missions.
Q:What is the significance of the successful booting of the IRIS chip?
- It indicates the chip will fail in future tests.
- It highlights India’s capability in developing a semiconductor ecosystem.
- It proves that RISC-V is obsolete.
- It shows that space applications are unnecessary.
Answer: B) It highlights India’s capability in developing a semiconductor ecosystem.
Article 371 and Coal Mining in Meghalaya
In Meghalaya, discussions have emerged regarding the potential use of Article 371 of the Indian Constitution to restart rat-hole coal mining, coinciding with the state’s preparations for elections. The Voice of the People Party (VPP) is advocating for this change, drawing comparisons to Nagaland, which has similar provisions.
About Article 371
Article 371 grants special powers to certain northeastern states in India, providing them with autonomy over land and resources. It allows local customs and laws to take precedence. For example, Nagaland benefits from Article 371A, which safeguards its land and resources from central legislation. This has significant implications for governance and resource management in the region.
Impact on Coal Mining
Since April 2014, coal mining in Meghalaya has been banned due to environmental concerns. This ban, imposed by the National Green Tribunal (NGT) and upheld by the Supreme Court, has created challenges for the industry. The VPP contends that Article 371 could enable the resumption of mining activities, akin to Nagaland, where local laws prevent NGT intervention. This proposal raises important questions about environmental regulations and local governance.
Sixth Schedule vs. Article 371
Meghalaya operates under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution, which empowers autonomous councils to oversee local affairs. However, there is ongoing debate over the compatibility of Article 371 and the Sixth Schedule. Some political leaders argue that the two provisions cannot coexist effectively, highlighting the complexities of governance in tribal areas and the need to balance local autonomy with national regulations.
Electoral Context: The upcoming elections for the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council (KHADC) and the Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council (JHADC) hold significant importance. The VPP’s emphasis on Article 371 may sway voter opinions. Notably, the councils feature low representation of women candidates despite a higher number of female voters, raising concerns about gender representation in local governance.
Recent Developments
Recently, agreements for scientific coal mining at three sites in Meghalaya were signed by the Coal Controller. The Chief Minister stated that these agreements aim to stimulate the economy and generate employment. However, the ongoing discussions around Article 371 and mining practices continue to dominate the political landscape. The results of the elections may have a profound impact on the future of coal mining and local governance in the state.
Q: What trend has been observed in the upcoming elections for the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council (KHADC) and the Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council (JHADC)?
- An increase in male representation at all levels of government.
- Very low representation of women candidates despite a higher number of female voters.
- Profit-driven policies dominating party manifestos.
- Full gender parity achieved in candidate nominations.
Answer: B) Very low representation of women candidates despite a higher number of female voters
Devolution Index Report
The recently published Devolution Index Report represents a significant milestone for rural local self-governance in India. This detailed document evaluates the state of decentralisation across various states and Union Territories, with the goal of empowering Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and fulfilling the vision of “Local Self Government” as outlined in the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.
About the Devolution Index
The Devolution Index is the product of extensive research and analysis, assessing India’s progress in decentralisation by focusing on six essential dimensions: Framework, Functions, Finances, Functionaries, Capacity Building, and Accountability. Each of these dimensions is crucial for determining the effectiveness of Panchayati Raj Institutions.
Key Dimensions of the Index
- Evaluates the legal and institutional structures that support Panchayati Raj.
- Functions: Examines the range of responsibilities assigned to Panchayats.
- Finances: Assesses the financial autonomy and resource allocation for local bodies.
- Functionaries: Reviews the human resources available and their capacity to perform their duties effectively.
- Capacity Building: Focuses on training and development opportunities for Panchayat members.
- Accountability: Evaluates the mechanisms ensuring transparency and responsibility within local governance.
Empowerment of Panchayats
The Index specifically investigates the autonomy that Panchayats possess in decision-making, reflecting the essence of Article 243G of the Constitution of India, which empowers state legislatures to devolve powers to Panchayats over 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule.
Utility for Multiple Stakeholders
- The Devolution Index serves a diverse range of stakeholders:
- Citizens benefit from increased transparency regarding Panchayat operations and resource distribution.
- Elected representatives gain data-driven insights for advocating necessary reforms.
- Government officials receive a roadmap for implementing effective decentralisation policies.
- Policymakers can assess the health of local governance and identify areas that require urgent reform.
- Alignment with Viksit Bharat Vision
- This initiative is in line with the Viksit Bharat vision, wherein developed and empowered Panchayats serve as the backbone for rural transformation. The Index aims to promote inclusive growth and sustainable development at the grassroots level
Future Implications
- The Devolution Index is poised to strengthen cooperative federalism in India. It encourages states to identify areas for improvement and adopt best practices for enhancing the effectiveness of Panchayati Raj Institutions.
- This initiative is crucial for improving local self-governance and ensuring responsive governance in rural areas
Q: How can citizens benefit from the Devolution Index?
- A) By receiving monetary compensation
- B) By increased transparency regarding Panchayat operations and resource distribution
- C) By direct involvement in legislative processes
- D) By obtaining employment in government offices
Answer: B) By increased transparency regarding Panchayat operations and resource distribution
Lake Sapanca
Lake Sapanca in Türkiye is facing severe environmental degradation due to urbanization, industrial expansion, and agricultural runoff, leading to increased pollution and habitat destruction.
About Lake Sapanca:
Location:
Situated in northwestern Türkiye, between the Gulf of İzmit and Adapazarı Meadow.
Lies in a tectonic depression, running parallel to Iznik Lake.
Bordering Nations:
Türkiye’s Sakarya Province is home to the lake.
The catchment area is 251 km², surrounded by mountains in the south and small hills in the north.
River Inflows:
The lake has multiple inflows from small streams originating from surrounding mountains.
It serves as a primary freshwater source for domestic and industrial purposes.
Key Issues:
- High nutrient loads (Nitrogen & Phosphorus) due to agricultural runoff & wastewater discharge, leading to eutrophication.
- Urban expansion & deforestation reducing water retention capacity.
- Seasonal pollution peaks observed in summer due to low water flow.
Q: During which season are seasonal pollution peaks typically observed in Lake Sapanca, and why?
(a) Winter, due to increased snow melt
(b) Spring, due to heavy rainfall
(c) Summer, due to low water flow
(d) Autumn, due to leaf decomposition
Correct Answer: Summer, due to low water flow
Tobin Tax
The U.S. President Donald Trump’s administration is contemplating implementing a Tobin Tax on capital flows, a decision that could potentially disrupt global financial markets.
About the Tobin Tax:
Definition: The Tobin Tax is a levy on foreign exchange transactions designed to discourage short-term speculative trading. Typically, it involves a small tax rate (0.1%-0.5%) applied to currency conversions to reduce volatility in financial markets.
Origin and Theory: Proposed in 1972 by Nobel laureate James Tobin, the tax was conceived as a response to currency market instability following the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. Tobin’s objective was to “throw sand in the wheels” of currency speculation, thereby stabilizing exchange rates.
Key Features:
- Application to currency transactions to discourage short-term speculation.
- A low tax rate intended to prevent market disruption.
- Potential revenue generation for public welfare or development projects.
| Aspect | Advantages | Disadvantages |
| Market Stability | Reduces speculative trading and market volatility. | May reduce market liquidity. |
| Revenue Generation | Can generate substantial revenue for governments. | Difficult to implement uniformly across nations. |
| Currency Protection | Helps protect weaker currencies from speculative attacks. | May increase transaction costs for businesses and investors. |
| Fairer Global Economy | Limits the financial power of hedge funds and large investors. | Could incentivize financial transactions to move to tax-free zones or offshore havens. |
India’s Perspective:
India does not currently have a direct Tobin Tax on currency transactions. However, the Securities Transaction Tax (STT), introduced in 2004, serves as a similar tax on stock market transactions. Additionally, Foreign Portfolio Investments (FPIs) are subject to taxation, which indirectly influences capital flows.
Q: What is the typical tax rate associated with a Tobin Tax on currency conversions?
(a) 5%-10%
(b) 1%-2%
(c) 0.1%-0.5%
(d) 10%-20%
Correct Answer: 0.1%-0.5%
India-France Relations
The visit of the Prime Minister of India to France in February 2025 marked a pivotal moment in bilateral relations, resulting in significant agreements in nuclear energy, defense, artificial intelligence (AI), and Indo-Pacific cooperation. This visit underscored the deepening strategic partnership between the two nations.
Key Outcomes from the Recent Summit
- Nuclear Energy Cooperation:
Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and Advanced Modular Reactors (AMRs): India and France signed a letter of intent to collaboratively design, develop, and produce SMRs and AMRs, utilizing India’s industrial capabilities alongside France’s technological expertise.
- Jaitapur Nuclear Project: The countries reviewed progress on the long-standing Jaitapur project, highlighting its importance for India’s transition to clean energy.
Defense Collaboration:
- Submarines and Missiles: The nations continue to work together on the Scorpene submarine project, focusing on indigenization and the integration of air-independent propulsion (AIP) systems developed by the DRDO.
- Helicopter and Jet Engine Production: There were discussions on joint manufacturing of engines for helicopters and fighter jets.
- Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher: France expressed interest in acquiring India’s Pinaka MBRL system, further strengthening defense ties.
Artificial Intelligence (AI):
- India-France AI Roadmap: The two countries committed to developing a safe, secure, and trustworthy AI framework that aligns with their shared values.
- AI Action Summit: India proposed to host the next AI summit, with 2026 designated as the India-France Year of Innovation.
Indo-Pacific Cooperation:
- Triangular Development Initiatives: Joint projects in third-party countries will focus on climate change and sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Eurodrone MALE Programme: India’s inclusion as an observer in the European drone program represents a significant step in defense collaboration.
Economic and Cultural Ties:
- Startup Collaboration: Ten Indian startups have been included in France’s Station F incubator program.
- Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in France: India’s real-time payment system will be expanded in France.
- Cultural Exchange: The Young Professional Scheme was operationalized to enhance legal mobility for students and professionals.
Advantages of Strengthening Bilateral Ties
- Strategic Depth: Enhanced cooperation in defense, nuclear energy, and AI reinforces the strategic partnership.
- Economic Growth: Collaborative projects in third countries and startup initiatives can create new economic opportunities.
- Technological Advancements: Joint efforts in AI and nuclear technology position both nations as leaders in innovation.
- Global Influence: Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific strengthens their roles as vital stakeholders in ensuring regional stability and development.
Limitations and Challenges
- Implementation Delays: Historical delays in projects like Jaitapur raise concerns regarding timely execution.
- Technological Barriers: Co-developing advanced technology such as SMRs and AI requires substantial expertise and investment.
- Geopolitical Risks: Differences in perspectives on global matters, particularly China’s role in the Indo-Pacific, could challenge cooperation.
- Bureaucratic Hurdles: Complex regulatory frameworks in both countries may impede progress on joint initiatives..
Conclusion:
The India-France strategic partnership has reached unprecedented heights, with meaningful agreements in key areas such as nuclear energy, defense, and AI. While challenges persist, a dedicated approach to implementation and cooperation can further enhance this relationship, offering benefits to both nations and contributing to global stability.
Q: Which of the following is a potential challenge to the India-France strategic partnership?
(a) Lack of skilled workforce
(b) Differing perspectives on global issues, such as China’s role in the Indo-Pacific
(c) Overlapping economic interests
(d) Limited technological expertise
Correct Answer: (b) Differing perspectives on global issues, such as China’s role in the Indo-Pacific
