25th Anniversary of Jahan-e-Khusrau Sufi Music Festival
Syllabus: GS1/History
Context:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi attended the Sufi Music Festival, Jahan-e-Khusrau 2025, a major international event celebrating the rich heritage of Sufi music, poetry, and spirituality.
Jahan-e-Khusrau Festival – A Confluence of Mysticism and Art
- A globally renowned festival dedicated to Sufi music, poetry, and dance.
- Celebrates the contributions of Amir Khusrau, the poet-musician and disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya.
- Features artists from across the world, highlighting the global impact of Sufi traditions.
- Organized by the Rumi Foundation, founded by filmmaker Muzaffar Ali in 2001.
- During the festival, the Prime Minister visited TEH Bazaar (The Exploration of the Handmade), a platform showcasing One District-One Product (ODOP) crafts and traditional Indian artifacts.
Amir Khusrau – The Parrot of India
- The most cherished disciple of the Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya of the Chishti Order.
- Served five Delhi Sultans:
- Muizuddin Qaiqabad
- Jalaluddin Khalji (who granted him the title ‘Amir’)
- Alauddin Khalji
- Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah
- Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
- Renowned for his Persian poetry, he was also a master of Hindavi, a precursor to modern Hindi and Urdu.
- Legacy in Indian Classical Music:
- Innovated Khayal and Tarana music forms.
- Developed several new ragas.
- Considered a pioneer of Qawwali, the devotional Sufi music tradition.
Sufism – The Mystical Dimension of Islam
Origins and Evolution
- Sufism emerged as a mystical school of thought in Islam during the 9th-10th century in the Middle East.
- It emphasizes inner purity, divine love, and spiritual enlightenment through meditation and prayer.
- Historically flourished in regions like Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Turkey, and Arabia.
- In India: Sufism arrived in the 11th-12th centuries through Arab traders and later expanded with the arrival of Sufi saints.
Sufi Orders in India
Chishti Order (Most influential):
- Introduced by Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer.
- Prominent Saints: Nizamuddin Auliya, Nasiruddin Chiragh Delhi, Sheikh Burhanuddin Gharib, Mohammad Banda Nawaz.
Suhrawardi Order:
- Founded by Shahabuddin Suhrawardi.
- Combined mysticism with worldly knowledge and affairs.
- Flourished in Punjab and Multan, but unlike the Chishtis, they did not advocate extreme asceticism.
Naqshbandi Order:
- Introduced by Khawaja Bahauddin Naqshbandi.
- Advocated strict adherence to Islamic law (Shariah).
- Did not support Akbar’s syncretic religious policies, unlike the Chishtis.
Qadri Order:
- Became prominent under the Mughal empire.
- Advocated Wahdat-al-Wajood (Unity of Being – God and creation are one).
Notable Figures in Sufism:
- Jahanara Begum (daughter of Shah Jahan).
- Dara Shikoh (Akbar’s great-grandson, known for his syncretic beliefs).
Sufism and Music – The Spiritual Connection
- Sama: A spiritual gathering where music and dance are used as a means of mystical union with God.
- Whirling Dervishes: Represent the soul’s journey toward God.
- Dhikr: The repetition of divine names, often accompanied by music.
- Poetry and Song: Sufi poets such as Rumi, Hafiz, and Bulleh Shah expressed divine love through their music and verse.
Sufism’s Legacy in India
- Sufism played a crucial role in integrating Hindu and Muslim traditions, fostering spiritual harmony.
- It significantly contributed to the Bhakti movement, influencing saints like Kabir, Guru Nanak, Namdev, and Tukaram.
- Promoted religious tolerance and peaceful coexistence.
- Emphasized the concept of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ (the world as one family).
Key Terms in Sufism
- Tariqa: The spiritual order or path.
- Pir: A Sufi master.
- Sheikh (Murshid): A spiritual teacher.
- Murid: A disciple.
- Khanqah: A Sufi retreat.
- Qalb: The heart, the spiritual center.
- Wali: A saint.
- Muraqaba: Meditation on God.
With reference to Amir Khusrau, consider the following statements:
- He served in the courts of six Delhi Sultans.
- He is credited with pioneering Qawwali in India.
- He wrote exclusively in Persian and did not use Hindavi.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only
Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is incorrect. He served five Sultans, not six.
- Statement 2 is correct. He played a key role in developing Qawwali.
- Statement 3 is incorrect. He wrote in both Persian and Hindavi.
Cabinet Nod To Revised Waqf Bill (2024)
Syllabus: GS2/Governance
Context:
The Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister of India, has approved the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024, with key recommendations from the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC). This bill aims to strengthen the regulation, administration, and transparency of Waqf properties while addressing long-standing disputes and inefficiencies in their management.
Background: Waqf & Its Legal Framework
The Waqf Act, 1995, governs the administration of Waqf properties, which are charitable endowments made by Muslims for religious, educational, or welfare purposes. The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024, introduces reforms to enhance efficiency, prevent encroachment, and improve governance of these properties.
Key Amendments in the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024
Strengthening Regulation of Waqf Properties:
- Introduces a stricter legal framework to prevent encroachment and misuse of Waqf lands.
- Empowers state authorities to regulate Waqf assets with more clarity.
Administrative Overhaul:
- Assigns the functions of the Survey Commissioner to the District Collector or an officer not below the rank of Deputy Collector for conducting Waqf property surveys.
- Aims to expedite the identification and legal recognition of Waqf lands.
Enhanced Government Oversight:
- Expands central and state government roles in monitoring Waqf Boards.
- Could introduce provisions for better coordination and auditing mechanisms.
Transparency & Digital Records:
- Mandates compulsory digitization of Waqf properties.
- Aims to curb corruption and mismanagement through real-time digital tracking.
Key Changes Recommended by the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC)
Inclusion of Women & OBC Representation:
- Mandates two Muslim women members in:
- State Waqf Boards (Section 14)
- Central Waqf Council (Section 9)
- Includes one OBC Muslim representative in State Waqf Boards for broader community representation.
- Mandates two Muslim women members in:
Separate Waqf Boards for Specific Communities:
- State governments may establish separate Waqf Boards for:
- Aghakhani community
- Bohra community
- Aims to address community-specific governance issues.
- State governments may establish separate Waqf Boards for:
Protection of Women’s Inheritance Rights:
- Ensures that in family Waqfs (Waqf Alal Aulad), women receive their rightful inheritance share.
- A waqif (donor) can dedicate property only after ensuring female heirs’ legal entitlement.
Dispute Resolution Mechanism:
- District Collectors will adjudicate disputes on whether a property is Waqf or belongs to the government.
- Designed to reduce prolonged legal battles and streamline resolution.
Technology Integration:
- All Waqf properties must be uploaded onto a central digital portal within six months.
- Enhances accountability, monitoring, and accessibility of Waqf records.
Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) – Key Aspects
- Set up by Parliament for detailed scrutiny of specific legislation.
- Composed of members from both Houses, including ruling and opposition parties.
- Dissolved upon completion of its mandate.
Potential Concerns Regarding the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024
Autonomy of State Waqf Boards:
- Risk of centralization – may reduce state-level autonomy over Waqf property management.
Legal & Constitutional Challenges:
- Possible judicial review if amendments contradict property laws or religious rights.
- May raise questions on compensation for landowners affected by Waqf claims.
Concerns from Minority Communities:
- Changes may be seen as reducing community control over Waqf assets.
- Could trigger opposition from religious groups and political debates.
Bureaucratic Control vs. Efficiency:
- While reforms aim to enhance governance, increased bureaucracy could slow down decision-making.
Understanding Waqf & Its Governance Structure
Definition of Waqf:
Under Islamic law, Waqf refers to property dedicated solely for religious or charitable use. It cannot be sold, inherited, or repurposed once designated as Waqf.
Central Waqf Council (CWC):
- Established in 1964 under the Ministry of Minority Affairs (formerly under the Waqf Act, 1954).
- Advisory & supervisory body for Waqf management.
- Chairperson: Union Minister for Waqf.
- Members: Not exceeding 20, appointed by the Government of India.
State Waqf Boards – Powers & Functions
As per Section 40 of the Waqf Act, 1995, State Waqf Boards can:
- Determine whether a property is Waqf or not.
- Identify if a Waqf belongs to Sunni or Shia traditions.
With reference to the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024, consider the following statements:
- It mandates the inclusion of two Muslim women in the State Waqf Boards and Central Waqf Council.
- The bill establishes a separate national Waqf Board for Sunni and Shia Muslims.
- The bill empowers District Collectors to adjudicate disputes regarding whether a property is Waqf or belongs to the government.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 3 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (a) 1 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct. The JPC recommended the inclusion of two Muslim women in State Waqf Boards and the Central Waqf Council.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The bill does not establish a separate national Waqf Board for Sunnis and Shias, but allows state-specific Waqf Boards for Aghakhani and Bohra communities.
Statement 3 is correct. The bill grants District Collectors authority to decide Waqf-related disputes.
India Needs Tariff Cuts, Reforms to Boost Investments: WB
Syllabus: GS3/Economy
Context:
The World Bank’s India Country Economic Memorandum suggests that India needs to accelerate reforms to maintain an average annual growth rate of 7.8% in order to achieve high-income status by 2047. This will require significant shifts in structure, policy, and investment.
Key Economic Insights: India’s Growth Journey & Global Position
Since 2000, India’s economy has grown nearly four times in real terms, with GDP per capita tripling, reflecting increased productivity. India’s share of the global economy has risen from 6% in 2000 to 3.4% in 2023. As the world’s fifth-largest economy, India aims to leverage its demographic advantages to become a high-income nation.
Key Findings from the India Country Economic Memorandum
High-Income Economy Target by 2047 – The Challenge Ahead
- Achievability: Achieving this target requires consistent economic reforms and rapid growth.
- Global Precedents: Countries such as Chile, South Korea, and Poland transitioned successfully through deep economic integration.
Growth Trajectories for 2047
- Broad-based Growth: Achieving inclusive growth across all states.
- Investment Levels: Increasing investment to 40% of GDP by 2035.
- Labor Force Participation: Raising labor force participation from 4% to over 65% (comparable to Vietnam at 73% and the Philippines at 60%).
- GNI per Capita: Raising India’s Gross National Income (GNI) per capita by 8 times—a challenging goal that demands rapid productivity growth.
Leveraging the Demographic Dividend
- Human Capital Investment: Focusing on education and skill development.
- Female Labor Force Participation: Increasing female participation in the workforce from 6% to 50% by 2047.
- Sectoral Shift: Moving employment focus towards higher productivity sectors.
Critical Policy Priorities for Sustained Growth
Driving Investment Growth
- Strengthening financial regulations to improve capital efficiency.
- Facilitating credit access for MSMEs to foster entrepreneurship and job creation.
- Streamlining FDI policies to attract sustained foreign investment.
Expanding Job Opportunities
- Focusing on job-rich industries like agro-processing, hospitality, and digital services.
- Building an innovation-driven economy with incentives for R&D.
- Aligning skilling programs with future labor market needs.
Accelerating Structural Economic Transformation
- Shifting labor and resources to high-productivity sectors such as manufacturing and modern services.
- Upgrading national infrastructure to support industrial and commercial growth.
- Reforming labor market regulations to improve workforce flexibility and efficiency.
Enhancing State-Level Economic Acceleration
- Developing state-specific policies for less-developed regions, focusing on foundational growth.
- Supporting advanced states with high-tech integration and participation in global value chains (GVCs).
- Introducing federal mechanisms like the Urban Challenge Fund to optimize public spending and foster equitable growth.
World Bank’s Income Classification & India’s Status
Countries are classified annually based on their GNI per capita, with classifications remaining constant for the fiscal year (July 1 – June 30).
Income Brackets (2023 Data):
- Low-Income Countries: GNI per capita ≤ $1,145.
- Lower-Middle-Income Countries: GNI per capita $1,146 – $4,515.
- Upper-Middle-Income Countries: GNI per capita $4,516 – $14,005.
- High-Income Countries: GNI per capita > $14,005.
India currently falls under the lower-middle-income category, requiring substantial growth in per capita income to transition to a higher classification.
With reference to India’s high-income economy aspirations, consider the following statements:
- India’s share in the global economy has remained stagnant at 1.6% since 2000.
- To become a high-income economy, India must sustain a growth rate of 7.8% annually until 2047.
- India’s female labor force participation rate is currently higher than Vietnam and the Philippines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (a) 2 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is incorrect. India’s global economic share has doubled from 6% (2000) to 3.4% (2023).
- Statement 2 is correct. The World Bank estimates that a 7.8% sustained growth rate is required for high-income status by 2047.
- Statement 3 is incorrect. India’s female labor force participation rate (35.6%) is lower than Vietnam (73%) and the Philippines (60%).
India’s First indigenous Semiconductor Chip to be Ready by 2025
Syllabus: GS3/ S&T
In Context
Union Minister for Electronics and IT announced at the Global Investors Summit 2025 in Bhopal that India’s first indigenously developed semiconductor chip will be ready for production by 2025.
About Semiconductors
Semiconductors are materials that have conductivity between a conductor and an insulator. They are the foundation of modern electronics, used in:
- Computers and smartphones
- Automobiles and electric vehicles (EVs)
- Defense and aerospace technology
- Medical devices
- Telecommunication and AI applications
Importance
India is one of the largest consumers of semiconductors but imports 100% of its requirements.
The launch of an indigenous semiconductor chip in 2025 will:
- Reduce import dependence (India imports $24 billion worth of semiconductors annually).
- Strengthen national security (used in defense and critical infrastructure).
- Boost Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives.
- Create high-skilled jobs in semiconductor design and manufacturing.
Initiatives to Develop the Semiconductor Industry
- India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) (2021): A ₹76,000 crore incentive scheme aimed at:
- Setting up semiconductor fabrication units (fabs) in India.
- Encouraging global semiconductor firms to invest in India.
- Developing design-linked incentive (DLI) schemes to support local start-ups.
- Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Electronics Manufacturing.
- Semiconductor Manufacturing Ecosystem: Five semiconductor units under construction in India.
- Strategic Partnerships: Collaboration under India-U.S. Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET).
- Talks on setting up chip manufacturing units in India.
- Role in the QUAD Group: QUAD (India, US, Japan, Australia) is focusing on semiconductor supply chain resilience.
Challenges in India’s Semiconductor Sector
- Lack of Existing Semiconductor Fabs: No existing commercial fab in India yet (first expected in 2025).
- Dependence on Global Supply Chains: Taiwan, South Korea, and the U.S. dominate semiconductor manufacturing.
- High Capital and Technological Requirements: Semiconductor manufacturing requires precision, specialized labor, and high investment.
- Geopolitical Risks: US-China trade war & Taiwan tensions impact semiconductor availability.
Future Prospects and Way Forward
- Achieving Self-Sufficiency: The government must ensure faster implementation of semiconductor plants.
- Strengthening Infrastructure: Improve power supply, water availability, and logistics for fabs.
- Enhancing Skill Development: Establish semiconductor training institutes in partnership with global leaders.
- Reducing Import Dependence: Promote local semiconductor startups under the Design-Linked Incentive (DLI) scheme.
Which of the following statements regarding India’s semiconductor industry is correct?
- India is among the top three global producers of semiconductors.
- India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) aims to set up fabrication units in India.
- India currently imports 100% of its semiconductor requirements.
- The first indigenously developed semiconductor chip is expected by 2030.
- Options: 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2, and 4 only
- 1, 2, and 3 only
Answer: B) 2 and 3 only
Explanation:
India is not among the top three producers of semiconductors. ISM aims to set up semiconductor fabs in India, and India currently imports all its semiconductors. The first indigenous semiconductor chip is expected by 2025, not 2030.
Battle of Karnal
Syllabus: GS 1/History
The Battle of Karnal (February 24, 1739) marked a catastrophic defeat for the Mughal Empire, signifying the onset of its irreversible decline. The invasion by Nadir Shah, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran, not only devastated the empire but also exposed its military, administrative, and economic vulnerabilities.
Nadir Shah: The Conqueror from Persia
- Founder of the Afsharid dynasty and a brilliant military strategist.
- Had already defeated the Ottomans, Uzbeks, and Russians before focusing on India.
- After annexing Kandahar, he crossed the Khyber Pass and rapidly subjugated Mughal vassal states, clearing his way towards Delhi.
The Battle of Karnal: Decisive Mughal Defeat
- Date: February 24, 1739.
- Forces Involved:
- Mughal Army: 300,000 troops, including cavalry, infantry, and war elephants.
- Nadir Shah’s Army: 55,000 highly disciplined soldiers, utilizing superior tactics and advanced weaponry.
- Battle Outcome:
- The battle lasted merely three hours, resulting in a devastating Mughal loss.
- Nadir Shah’s use of mounted musketeers and coordinated cavalry attacks outmaneuvered the ill-coordinated Mughal forces.
- The Mughal cavalry, relying on outdated tactics, was utterly ineffective against Persian firepower.
- Muhammad Shah ‘Rangila’ was forced to surrender.
The Sack of Delhi & Aftermath
- Delhi was plundered mercilessly—one of the worst massacres in Indian history.
- Nadir Shah looted immense wealth, including:
- The Peacock Throne (a symbol of Mughal supremacy).
- The Koh-i-Noor diamond.
- Thousands of kilos of gold, silver, and jewels, effectively emptying the Mughal treasury.
- Despite the destruction, Nadir Shah spared Muhammad Shah’s life and formally restored most of his territory.
Long-Term Impact on the Mughal Empire
- Economic Collapse: Delhi was left economically devastated, crippling Mughal governance.
- Political Fragmentation:
- Mughal authority weakened drastically, emboldening regional rulers like the Marathas, Sikhs, and Jats.
- The empire ceded more power to autonomous provinces.
- Decline of Military Strength: The once-mighty Mughal army was humiliated and exposed as outdated.
- British Ascendancy: The weakened Mughal state gradually lost control, paving the way for British dominance by 1857.
Underlying Causes of Mughal Decline
Structural & Administrative Weaknesses
- Excessive taxation on peasants fueled widespread agrarian revolts.
- Rampant corruption within the nobility led to administrative inefficiencies.
Military & Technological Inferiority
- The Mughal army relied on obsolete tactics, whereas Nadir Shah’s forces were modernized.
- Lack of artillery innovations and tactical flexibility led to repeated defeats.
Religious Policies & Internal Discontent
- Aurangzeb’s oppressive religious policies alienated Hindus and other non-Muslim communities.
- Revolts by Rajputs, Jats, Marathas, and Sikhs weakened centralized control.
With reference to the Battle of Karnal (1739), consider the following statements:
- The Mughal forces outnumbered Nadir Shah’s army but lacked strategic coordination.
- The battle lasted several days before the Mughal army was defeated.
- Nadir Shah’s army effectively utilized mounted musketeers, giving them a tactical advantage.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (a) 1 and 3 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct. The Mughal army (300,000) was numerically superior, but poorly coordinated, whereas Nadir Shah’s disciplined forces (55,000) were far more effective.
- Statement 2 is incorrect. The battle lasted only three hours, not several days.
Statement 3 is correct. Nadir Shah’s mounted musketeers played a decisive role in overcoming Mughal cavalry tactics.
Giloy
Syllabus: GS 2/Health
Why in News?
- Research on Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) has surged by 376.5% in the last decade, with a notable rise in interest post-COVID-19 due to its immune-boosting, antiviral, and adaptogenic properties.
Giloy: The Ayurvedic Wonder Herb
- Botanical Name: Tinospora cordifolia.
- Common Name: Giloy.
Traditional Significance:
- In Sanskrit, called “Amrita”, meaning “herb of immortality”.
- Used extensively in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani medicine.
Habitat & Cultivation:
- A native tropical plant of India.
- Thrives in plains, foothills, and semi-arid regions.
- Major cultivating states: Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh.
Bioactive Compounds:
- Contains alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, and flavonoids.
- Medicinal properties exist in its stem, root, and whole plant.
Medicinal Benefits & Therapeutic Uses
- Immunomodulatory Effects: Enhances white blood cell (WBC) production, boosting immune response.
- Antiviral Properties: Studied for its potential in combating COVID-19 and viral infections.
- Anti-diabetic Action: Helps regulate blood glucose levels, beneficial for Type-2 diabetes.
- Anti-inflammatory Effects: Useful in treating arthritis, joint pain, and chronic inflammatory diseases.
- Hepatoprotective Benefits: Supports liver health by reducing oxidative stress.
- Antioxidant & Stress-Relieving Properties: Functions as an adaptogen, reducing mental and physical stress.
- Gastroprotective Effects: Aids in treating gastritis, acidity, and digestive disorders.
Consider the following pairs related to the bioactive compounds in Giloy and their effects:
Compound | Effect |
Alkaloids | Anti-inflammatory properties |
Glycosides | Regulate blood sugar levels |
Steroids | Enhance immune function |
Flavonoids | Increase cholesterol levels |
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1, 2, and 3 only
(b) 1 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
Answer: (a) 1, 2, and 3 only
Explanation:
- Alkaloids (Correctly matched) → Exhibit anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
- Glycosides (Correctly matched) → Contribute to blood sugar regulation, beneficial for diabetes management.
- Steroids (Correctly matched) → Play a role in immune enhancement and anti-cancer properties.
- Flavonoids (Incorrectly matched) → Instead of increasing cholesterol, they act as antioxidants, reducing oxidative stress.
Gharials (Gavialis Gangeticus)
Syllabus: GS3/Environment
Why in News?
- The Madhya Pradesh government released 10 gharials into the Chambal River at the National Chambal Gharial Sanctuary in Morena as part of conservation efforts.
About Gharials (Gavialis gangeticus)
Etymology:
- The name “Gharial” is derived from the Hindi word “Ghara” (pot), referring to the bulbous nasal protuberance (narial excrescence) found exclusively in adult males.
Sexual Dimorphism:
- Males and females differ significantly in size and appearance.
- Only males possess the distinctive nasal growth.
Dietary Specialization:
- Unlike crocodiles, gharials feed exclusively on fish, making them piscivorous.
- They lack the jaw strength to attack large mammals or humans, rendering them non-man-eaters.
Habitat & Distribution
Gharials are strictly riverine species, requiring:
- Deep, clear, fast-flowing waters.
- Steep, sandy riverbanks for basking and nesting.
Major River Systems Supporting Gharials:
- Chambal River (Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh).
- Girwa River (Uttar Pradesh).
- Ken River (Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh).
- Yamuna River (Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi).
- Brahmaputra River (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh).
- Ghaghara River (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar).
- Bhagirathi-Hooghly River (West Bengal).
Conservation Status & Efforts
Legal & International Protection:
- IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered 🛑
- Wildlife Protection Act (1972): Schedule I (Highest Protection)
- CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species): Appendix I (Prohibits commercial trade).
Key Conservation Initiatives:
- Project Crocodile (1975):
- Launched with UNDP & FAO assistance.
- Focused on captive breeding and reintroduction programs.
- Gharial Reserves in India:
- Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan are the main states with dedicated gharial reserves.
- Notable Protected Areas:
- National Chambal Sanctuary (MP, UP, Rajasthan).
- Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary (UP).
- Project Crocodile (1975):
Chambal River – Geographical & Ecological Significance
Origin & Course:
- Source: Janapav Hills, Vindhyan Range, Madhya Pradesh.
- Flow: Passes through Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh, ultimately joining the Yamuna River.
Major Tributaries:
- Right Bank Tributaries: Banas, Parvati, Kali Sindh.
- Left Bank Tributaries: Shipra.
Dams on the Chambal River:
- Gandhi Sagar Dam
- Rana Pratap Sagar Dam
- Jawahar Sagar Dam
Geological & Ecological Importance
Ravine Formation:
- The Chambal basin is prone to severe soil erosion, leading to deep ravines in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
- These ravines serve as natural habitats for endangered species.
Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan):
- Receives water supply from the Chambal River Irrigation Project.
- Supports migratory birds like Siberian Cranes.
Consider the following statements regarding gharials
- Unlike crocodiles, gharials primarily feed on fish and do not attack large mammals.
- Males and females exhibit no significant difference in physical characteristics.
- The Chambal River is one of the last remaining strongholds of wild gharial populations in India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (a) 1 and 3 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct. Gharials are piscivorous and not man-eaters.
- Statement 2 is incorrect. They show sexual dimorphism (males have a bulbous snout).
- Statement 3 is correct. Chambal River hosts one of the largest wild gharial populations.
Tiangong Space Station
Syllabus: GS3/Space
Why in News?
- China and Pakistan have signed a cooperation agreement to train Pakistani astronauts for missions aboard the Tiangong Space Station.
- This marks a significant milestone in Pakistan’s space ambitions as it strengthens bilateral space cooperation with China.
Pakistan’s Space Collaboration with China
- Pakistan has historically maintained close strategic ties with China and has sought to enhance its space capabilities by aligning with Chinese space initiatives.
- This agreement is expected to increase Pakistan’s participation in space exploration and human spaceflight.
Tiangong Space Station – China’s Orbital Outpost
Key Features:
- Completion Year: 2022
- Orbital Altitude: Up to 450 km (280 miles) above Earth.
- Capacity: Can house a maximum of three astronauts for extended durations.
- Designed Operational Lifespan: At least 15 years.
Significance of Tiangong:
- China’s first long-term space station, intended to rival the International Space Station (ISS).
- Advances scientific research in microgravity, material sciences, and life sciences.
- Enhances China’s self-reliance in space exploration after exclusion from the ISS program (led by the US and its allies).
What is a Space Station?
Definition & Functionality:
- A space station is a large, habitable spacecraft that orbits Earth and serves as a research laboratory in microgravity conditions.
- It allows for long-duration human space missions without returning to Earth.
- Space stations are typically modular, meaning they can be expanded or upgraded over time.
Notable Space Stations:
International Space Station (ISS):
- A joint project involving NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, and CSA.
- Conducts biological, physical, and technological research in microgravity.
Tiangong Space Station:
- China’s independent space station, expanding China’s role in global space research.
Consider the following statements regarding the Tiangong Space Station:
- Tiangong was completed in 2020 and has an operational lifespan of 10 years.
- It is designed to accommodate a maximum of six astronauts at a time.
- Unlike the ISS, which is multinational, Tiangong is operated solely by China.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only
Answer: (b) 3 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is incorrect. Tiangong was completed in 2022, not 2020, and has a lifespan of at least 15 years.
- Statement 2 is incorrect. It can house only three astronauts, not six.
- Statement 3 is correct. Unlike the multinational ISS, Tiangong is entirely operated by China.
Avalanche
Syllabus: GS1/Physical Geography, GS3/Disaster Management
Context:
- A devastating avalanche struck a Border Roads Organisation (BRO) project in Mana, Chamoli, Uttarakhand.
- This incident underscores the hazards of working in high-altitude terrain and the vulnerability of critical infrastructure in the Himalayan regions.
Avalanche: Understanding the Phenomenon
Definition:
- An avalanche is a sudden and rapid descent of snow, ice, rock, and debris down a steep mountainside.
- Snow avalanches are the most common type and can reach speeds exceeding 320 km/h (200 mph).
Causes of Avalanches:
Avalanches occur when an unstable snowpack collapses, often triggered by the following factors:
Weak Layer Formation: Poor bonding between snow layers, such as ice sheets, fresh snowfall, or melting layers.
External Triggers:
- Sudden Weight Addition: Additional weight from snowfall or human activity can trigger an avalanche.
- Vibrations: Earthquakes, explosions, or movement of heavy vehicles can cause the snowpack to collapse.
Weather Conditions:
- Heavy snowfall increases the weight of the snowpack.
- Wind erosion deposits snow unevenly, increasing instability.
- Spring thawing reduces friction between layers of snow, making them more likely to slide.
Terrain Factors:
- Slope Steepness: Slopes between 30°–45° are most prone to avalanches.
- Loose Rock Formations: Loose rock layers can increase instability and trigger avalanches.
Types of Avalanches:
Sluffs (Loose Snow Avalanches):
- Made up of dry, powdery snow.
- These avalanches are small and less destructive but can still trap climbers and hikers.
Slab Avalanches:
- Larger and more deadly, slab avalanches occur when a weak layer of snow collapses under a thick slab of snow.
- These avalanches move fast, are highly destructive, and can bury entire settlements and infrastructure.
Consider the following statements regarding Avalanches:
- Avalanches can only occur in snow-covered regions with an altitude above 3,000 meters.
- Slab avalanches are generally more dangerous than sluff avalanches.
- Earthquakes and explosions can act as triggers for avalanches.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is incorrect: Avalanches can occur at lower altitudes if conditions are unstable.
- Statement 2 is correct: Slab avalanches involve large snow masses and are more destructive than sluffs.
- Statement 3 is correct: Vibrations from earthquakes and explosions can trigger avalanches
Amazon Unveils ‘Ocelot’ Quantum Computing Prototype Chip
Syllabus: GS3/Science and Technology
Context:
Amazon Web Services (AWS) has introduced ‘Ocelot’, its first prototype quantum computing chip, with claims of reducing quantum error correction costs by up to 90%. This development marks a significant step toward addressing the long-standing challenge of quantum error instability.
Ocelot Chip: Key Features
The Ocelot chip incorporates two-layer integrated silicon architecture, optimizing coherence and computational efficiency. The major components include:
Five Data Qubits (Cat Qubits): These qubits store quantum states essential for computation and are designed to mitigate error propagation.
Five Buffer Circuits: Integrated stabilization mechanisms that enhance qubit coherence and prevent quantum state degradation.
Four Additional Qubits: Dedicated to error detection and correction, ensuring computational fidelity.
Tantalum-based Oscillators: Utilization of superconducting Tantalum improves performance, reducing quantum decoherence.
Quantum Error Correction: Addressing Qubit Instability
Unlike classical computing, which operates on binary bits (0s and 1s), quantum computing relies on qubits, which leverage quantum superposition to exist in multiple states simultaneously. However, qubits are highly prone to environmental perturbations, including:
- Thermal fluctuations
- Vibrational disturbances
- Electromagnetic interference
To counter these issues, AWS’s Cat qubits, inspired by Schrödinger’s cat thought experiment, intrinsically stabilize quantum states. This innovation reduces computational overhead required for traditional quantum error correction.
With reference to AWS’s Ocelot chip, consider the following statements:
- The Ocelot chip employs a three-layer integrated silicon design for enhanced qubit coherence.
- Cat qubits in Ocelot function by leveraging quantum superposition and error resilience mechanisms.
- The oscillators in the Ocelot chip are made from Niobium, a common superconducting material in quantum processors.
- AWS’s approach to quantum error correction in Ocelot eliminates the need for external error detection circuits.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
- 1 and 3 only
- 2 only
- 2 and 4 only
- 1, 3, and 4
Answer: (b) 2 only
Explanation:
The Ocelot chip uses a two-layer (not three-layer) silicon design for optimizing qubit stability. Cat qubits leverage quantum superposition and intrinsic error correction mechanisms to improve computational efficiency. The oscillators in Ocelot are made from Tantalum, not Niobium. The Ocelot chip still requires external qubits for error detection, although its design significantly reduces computational costs.
