28 Feb 2025 Current Affairs

AI Revolution in Indian Agriculture

Subject Agriculture

Microsoft Chairman Satya Nadella recently highlighted the transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in agriculture through Project Farm Vibes (PFV) in Baramati, Maharashtra. The project has led to a 40% increase in crop yields while reducing resource consumption.

What is Project Farm Vibes?

About:

Project Farm Vibes is an AI-driven initiative developed by Microsoft Research in collaboration with the Agricultural Development Trust, Baramati (MH).
It is an open-source AI suite designed to provide data-driven insights to farmers and researchers, enhancing productivity and sustainability.

Technologies Used:

Azure Data Manager for Agriculture – Aggregates satellite, weather, and sensor data for a comprehensive view of field conditions.

AI – Uses AI and machine learning to analyze soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and pH, offering precision farming recommendations.
AI – Provides real-time, personalized insights in local languages, assisting farmers in sustainable farming practices.

Impact of Project Farm Vibes:

40% increase in crop production, leading to healthier and more resilient crops.
25% reduction in fertilizer costs through AI-guided precision fertilization.
50% less water consumption, ensuring sustainable irrigation practices.
12% decrease in post-harvest wastage, improving profitability.
Environmental benefits, including reduced chemical runoff, soil erosion, greenhouse gas emissions, and deforestation.

How is AI Revolutionizing Indian Agriculture?

Smart Irrigation

AI helps address water scarcity through soil moisture and climate analysis, optimizing irrigation schedules.
AI-integrated drip and sprinkler irrigation systems under the “Per Drop More Crop” scheme enhance water efficiency.

IoT-based irrigation solutions, developed by ICAR, automate water supply based on real-time field conditions, minimizing wastage.

Pest & Weed Control

The National Pest Surveillance System leverages AI to monitor pest activity and provide real-time alerts.
AI-powered weed detection uses computer vision to distinguish weeds from crops, enabling targeted herbicide application and reducing chemical use.

Economic Impact of AI in Agriculture

The AI in agriculture market is projected to grow from USD 1.7 billion in 2023 to USD 4.7 billion by 2028, with a CAGR of 23.1%.
Growth is driven by advancements in precision farming, drone analytics, and labor management.
Initiatives like Kisan e-Mitra, an AI-powered chatbot, assist farmers with queries about the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi scheme.

Challenges in AI Adoption in Agriculture

Lack of Awareness
- Many farmers, especially in rural India, lack digital literacy, limiting large-scale AI adoption.
High Implementation Costs
AI solutions such as drones, IoT sensors, and automated irrigation systems require significant investment.
85% of Indian farmers are small and marginal, making affordability a major barrier.
Infrastructure Gaps
Unreliable internet connectivity in rural areas restricts access to AI-powered platforms.
Out of 5,97,618 inhabited villages in India, 25,067 villages still lack mobile connectivity and internet access.
Data Availability and Quality
AI relies on real-time and historical agricultural data for accurate predictions.
Incomplete or inaccurate data reduces AI effectiveness in farming.
Limited Customization
AI models need to be tailored to India’s diverse agro-climatic conditions.
More research is required to develop region-specific AI solutions.

Way Forward: AI-Driven Future of Indian Agriculture

Data Frameworks & Integration
The AgriStack Initiative and India Digital Ecosystem for Agriculture (IDEA) can serve as digital platforms for farm data management, enhancing AI-driven insights.
National AI Centres of Excellence should focus on developing customized AI solutions for Indian agriculture.

StrengtheningDigital Infrastructure

Public Wi-Fi hotspots under the PM-WANI initiative and BharatNet Project can improve rural connectivity, ensuring farmer access to AI platforms.
Farmer Skilling & Awareness
The National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture (NeGPA) educates farmers on AI applications.
FutureSkills PRIME reskills professionals in AI and emerging agricultural technologies.
Financial & Policy Support
Under the Digital Agriculture Mission (2021-2025), providing subsidized loans to agri-tech startups and farmer cooperatives can boost AI-driven innovation in agriculture.

By addressing these challenges, India can harness AI’s full potential, making agriculture more efficient, sustainable, and profitable.

Which of the following is the primary reason for the significant 40% increase in crop production through AI technologies like Project Farm Vibes in Baramati, Maharashtra?

A) Optimization of crop genetics through AI-driven genetic modification strategies
B) Improved soil health and water usage efficiency driven by AI-based precision agriculture
C) Increased dependency on traditional farming knowledge with supplementary AI tools
D) Large-scale industrialization of farming models with AI as a mere support system

Answer: B) Improved soil health and water usage efficiency driven by AI-based precision agriculture
Explanation: The 40% increase in crop production is primarily due to precision farming enabled by AI, which focuses on optimizing soil health, water usage, and resource allocation. AI-powered tools ensure that irrigation, fertilization, and pest control are finely tuned to local conditions, improving productivity without necessarily relying on genetic modifications or traditional methods. This sustainable, data-driven approach maximizes resource efficiency and enhances crop yield.

National Green Financing Institution

Subject Biodiversity & Environment

Why in News?

The Government of India is planning to establish a National Green Financing Institution to aggregate funds from various sources and reduce capital costs to support its net-zero target by 2070. NITI Aayog is evaluating models such as NaBFID/NABARD, IREDA, Green InvITs, and global Green Banks for this initiative.

Need for Green Finance in India

Escalating Climate Change Risks: Climate change could cause an estimated 10% loss in total economic value, potentially wiping out up to 18% of global GDP by 2050. This poses a significant threat to India’s ambition of growing its economy to USD 10 trillion by 2030.
Net-Zero Commitments: India pledged to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070 under the Panchamrit strategy at COP26, requiring over USD 10 trillion in investments.
Financial Sector Exposure: The financial services industry faces 72% of the potential financial impact of climate change. Banks can mitigate risks by funding green infrastructure, renewable energy, energy-efficient buildings, and industrial decarbonization.
Investment Deficit: India requires USD 1.4 trillion in aggregate investments (USD 28 billion annually) to meet its 2070 net-zero goal. However, as of February 2023, India’s green bond issuances totaled only USD 21 billion, with the private sector contributing 84%.

Current Green Energy Financing Initiatives in India

National Clean Energy and Environment Fund (NCEEF): Funds clean energy ventures and research through the Clean Environment Cess on coal. IREDA uses part of this fund to provide concessional loans for renewable energy projects.
Priority Sector Lending (PSL): In 2015, the RBI classified renewable energy as a PSL category, requiring banks to allocate up to 40% of net credit. Loans up to Rs 15 crore per borrower are available for solar, wind, biomass, and other non-conventional energy projects.
Green Banks: Institutions such as IREDA and SBI provide concessional loans for renewable energy initiatives.
Green Bonds: Market-based instruments used to raise capital for eco-friendly projects, such as IREDA’s Green Masala Bonds.
Crowdfunding: A decentralized funding model leveraging small private investments for renewable energy, exemplified by Bettervest’s support for MeraGao Power and Boond Engineering in rural India

Challenges in Green Energy Financing

Limited International Finance: Developed nations pledged at COP29 to mobilize at least USD 300 billion annually by 2035, which remains insufficient compared to the required USD 1 trillion per year by 2030.
High Borrowing Costs: High interest rates, long project gestation periods, and limited fiscal incentives make green finance expensive, often rendering projects financially unviable.
Diversion of Funds: NCEEF funds have been redirected to non-renewable projects such as GST compensation and Namami Gange.
Institutional Barriers for Green Banks: The lack of RBI guidelines and legal recognition affects the credibility and fundraising potential of green banks.
Underdeveloped Green Bond Market: Many renewable energy projects lack high credit ratings, leading to investor skepticism over fund utilization.

Way Forward

Enhancing Climate Finance: Mobilize concessional funding through the Global Green Bond Market and multilateral institutions (World Bank, AIIB). Provide sovereign guarantees and interest rate subsidies for green projects and introduce a Tax-Free Green Bond Scheme to attract investors.
Strengthening Green Banking: Institutionalize Green Banks under RBI with clear regulations and a legal framework, promoting public-private co-financing to attract global green capital.
Alternative Financing Mechanisms: Expand Green Infrastructure Investment Trusts (Green InvITs) to boost private participation and develop carbon credit markets linked to green financing instruments.
Microfinancing: Support women-led green businesses and provide affordable climate risk insurance for small farmers to prioritize adaptation along with mitigation efforts.

This structured approach to green financing will help India achieve its net-zero ambitions while ensuring sustainable economic growth.

MCQ 1: Consider the following statements regarding India’s net-zero ambitions made at COP26:

India aims for net-zero emissions by 2070 under the Panchamrit strategy.
The estimated investment requirement to achieve this goal is less than USD 5 trillion.
Climate change could lead to significant economic loss, estimated at 10% of total economic value by 2050.

Which of the statements are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 1 and 2 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: B) 1 and 3 only

MCQ 2: Which of the following statements regarding the National Green Financing Institution is/are correct?

It aims to aggregate funds from both domestic and international sources.
NITI Aayog is considering models like NABARD, NaBFID, and IREDA for its structure.
It primarily focuses on financing fossil fuel-based projects.

Options:

1 and 2 only
3 and 4 only
1, 2, and 4 only
1, 2, and 3 only

Answer: A) 1 and 2 only

Explanation:
The National Green Financing Institution is designed to aggregate green finance for renewable and sustainable projects, not for fossil fuel-based projects.

Public Accounts Committee

Syllabus: GS2/ Indian Polity

Recent News: Delhi Congress leaders have welcomed the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) report on AAP’s 2021-22 excise policy. They have called for the immediate formation of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) to review the findings and facilitate public discussion.

Public Accounts Committee: An Overview

Definition:
The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is a parliamentary committee in India responsible for auditing the government’s revenue and expenditure. It ensures legislative oversight over executive financial actions, particularly concerning government spending.

Composition:

The PAC comprises up to 22 members: 15 from the Lok Sabha (Lower House) and 7 from the Rajya Sabha (Upper House).
Ministers are not eligible to be members of the committee.
Members are elected annually through proportional representation using a single transferable vote system.
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha appoints the chairperson of the committee.
The term of office for members is one year.

Functions:

Examines audit reports submitted by the Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG) after their presentation in Parliament.
Scrutinizes government spending to ensure it aligns with the budget approved by Parliament.

Which of the following statements regarding the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is/are correct?

It is a standing committee of the Indian Parliament.
The members of the PAC are nominated by the Prime Minister.
It ensures executive accountability regarding financial matters.
The chairperson of PAC is always from the ruling party.
1. 1 and 3 only
2. 3 and 4 only
3. 1, 2, and 4 only
4. 1, 2, and 3 only

Answer: A) 1 and 3 only

Explanation:

PAC is a standing committee of Parliament and plays a key role in ensuring executive accountability in financial matters. The members are elected by proportional representation, not nominated by the Prime Minister, and the chairperson is often from the opposition party.

India’s First indigenous Semiconductor Chip to be Ready by 2025

Syllabus: GS3/ S&T

In Context

Union Minister for Electronics and IT announced at the Global Investors Summit 2025 in Bhopal that India’s first indigenously developed semiconductor chip will be ready for production by 2025.

About Semiconductors

Semiconductors are materials that have conductivity between a conductor and an insulator. They are the foundation of modern electronics, used in:

Computers and smartphones
Automobiles and electric vehicles (EVs)
Defense and aerospace technology
Medical devices
Telecommunication and AI applications

Importance

India is one of the largest consumers of semiconductors but imports 100% of its requirements.
The launch of an indigenous semiconductor chip in 2025 will:

Reduce import dependence (India imports $24 billion worth of semiconductors annually).
Strengthen national security (used in defense and critical infrastructure).
Boost Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives.
Create high-skilled jobs in semiconductor design and manufacturing.

Initiatives to Develop the Semiconductor Industry

India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) (2021): A ₹76,000 crore incentive scheme aimed at:
- Setting up semiconductor fabrication units (fabs) in India.
- Encouraging global semiconductor firms to invest in India.
- Developing design-linked incentive (DLI) schemes to support local start-ups.
Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Electronics Manufacturing.
Semiconductor Manufacturing Ecosystem: Five semiconductor units under construction in India.
Strategic Partnerships: Collaboration under India-U.S. Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET).
- Talks on setting up chip manufacturing units in India.
Role in the QUAD Group: QUAD (India, US, Japan, Australia) is focusing on semiconductor supply chain resilience.

Challenges in India’s Semiconductor Sector

Lack of Existing Semiconductor Fabs: No existing commercial fab in India yet (first expected in 2025).
Dependence on Global Supply Chains: Taiwan, South Korea, and the U.S. dominate semiconductor manufacturing.
High Capital and Technological Requirements: Semiconductor manufacturing requires precision, specialized labor, and high investment.
Geopolitical Risks: US-China trade war & Taiwan tensions impact semiconductor availability.

Future Prospects and Way Forward

Achieving Self-Sufficiency: The government must ensure faster implementation of semiconductor plants.
Strengthening Infrastructure: Improve power supply, water availability, and logistics for fabs.
Enhancing Skill Development: Establish semiconductor training institutes in partnership with global leaders.
Reducing Import Dependence: Promote local semiconductor startups under the Design-Linked Incentive (DLI) scheme.

Which of the following statements regarding India’s semiconductor industry is correct?

India is among the top three global producers of semiconductors.
India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) aims to set up fabrication units in India.
India currently imports 100% of its semiconductor requirements.
The first indigenously developed semiconductor chip is expected by 2030.

Options: 1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2, and 4 only
1, 2, and 3 only

Answer: B) 2 and 3 only

Explanation:

India is not among the top three producers of semiconductors. ISM aims to set up semiconductor fabs in India, and India currently imports all its semiconductors. The first indigenous semiconductor chip is expected by 2025, not 2030.

Delimitation Debate: Why Are Southern States Wary?

Syllabus: GS2/ Polity & Governance

Context
The Union Home Minister has assured that the proposed delimitation exercise will not lead to a reduction in parliamentary constituencies in southern states, addressing concerns raised by the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.

Understanding Delimitation

Delimitation is the process of redrawing the boundaries of parliamentary and legislative assembly constituencies to reflect changes in population. Its key objectives include:

Ensuring fair representation based on demographic shifts.
Adjusting the number of seats allocated to various states.
Determining reservations for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST).

This process is designed to balance population growth with political representation, upholding the democratic principle of “one citizen, one vote, one value.”

Constitutional Provisions

Article 82: After each Census, Parliament enacts a Delimitation Act to redefine constituency boundaries.
Article 170: The total number of seats in state assemblies is adjusted based on the Delimitation Act following each Census.

Who Conducts Delimitation?

The Delimitation Commission is an independent body established through a Parliamentary Act, responsible for overseeing the delimitation process. Its authority and decisions are typically not subject to judicial review; however, in 2024, the Supreme Court ruled that delimitation orders may be reviewed if they contravene constitutional values.
Composition of the Commission:

Chairperson: A retired Supreme Court judge.
Members: The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) or a commissioner designated by the CEC, along with State Election Commissioners of the respective states.

History of Delimitation in India

Parliamentary Authority: The power to define the number and boundaries of constituencies lies with the Parliament. This authority has been exercised four times through the Delimitation Commission Acts of 1952, 1962, 1972, and 2002.
42nd Amendment Act (1976): This act froze the allocation of Lok Sabha seats based on the 1971 Census, intended to safeguard states that successfully implemented population control measures from losing representation.
84th Amendment Act (2001): This amendment allowed for the readjustment and rationalization of constituency boundaries based on the 1991 Census without affecting the total number of seats allocated to each state.
87th Amendment Act (2003): This act shifted the basis of delimitation from the 1991 Census to the 2001 Census, while also maintaining the seat allocation limits established in previous amendments.

Why Is Delimitation Being Revisited?

The upcoming delimitation exercise is expected to utilize the 2021 Census data (which was delayed due to the pandemic). This has sparked concerns among southern states, where population growth has been slower compared to northern states. If the delimitation process follows historical trends, the number of Lok Sabha seats could potentially increase from 543 to 753 based on a proposed population ratio of 20 lakh people per constituency.

Concerns of Southern States:
Southern states—such as Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana—are apprehensive that northern states (like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh) with higher population growth may gain additional seats, thereby diminishing their representation, despite their successful governance and population control measures.

What’s Next?

Potential Increase in Total Seats: Rather than reducing seats in any state, the total number of Lok Sabha seats may be increased to reflect growing population disparities.
2026 Review: The next delimitation exercise can only occur after the first Census post-2026, likely the 2031 Census.
Women’s Reservation Act: Implementing the 33% reservation for women may also influence seat adjustments during the delimitation process.

Consider the following statements regarding the delimitation and its effects on political representation in India:

The delimitation process aims to ensure an equal representation ratio between constituencies across states.
Demographic shifts as reflected in the census data can significantly alter the political landscape, favoring states with higher population growth.
Delimitation only impacts the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha and does not affect State Legislative Assemblies.

Which of the statements are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1, 2, and 3
D) 1 and 3 only

Answer: A) 1 and 2 only

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct as the delimitation process is aimed at equalizing representation across constituencies.
Statement 2 is also correct, as demographic shifts can lead to an altered political balance.
However, statement 3 is incorrect since delimitation affects both Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly constituencies.

Integrating AI in India’s Judiciary and Law Enforcement

Syllabus: GS2/Government Policies & Interventions; GS3/Science & Technology

Context

India is integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into judicial processes, case management, legal research, and law enforcement to streamline operations, reduce judicial delays, and enhance access to justice.

Current Challenges in India’s Legal and Law Enforcement System

Despite its well-structured three-tier judiciary (Supreme Court, High Courts, and Subordinate Courts), India’s legal system faces several challenges:

Judicial Backlogs: Over 5 crore pending cases (National Judicial Data Grid – NJDG).
Delayed Adjudication: Lengthy legal proceedings due to procedural inefficiencies and excessive documentation.
Manual Case Handling: Traditional paper-based documentation hampers judicial efficiency.
Law Enforcement Bottlenecks: Rising cybercrimes, outdated policing methods, and resource constraints limit crime prevention and investigation.

Applications of AI in India’s Judiciary

AI-Powered Legal Research & Case Management

AI-driven tools like SUPACE (Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Court Efficiency) help judges analyze large volumes of legal data.
Enables faster research, precedent-based judgments, and structured case analysis.

Predictive Justice & Case Prioritization

Machine learning models can predict case outcomes based on past rulings.
Courts can use AI to:
Prioritize urgent cases for speedy resolution.
Estimate case duration for better planning.
Identify patterns in case dismissals or approvals.

Virtual Courts & AI-Powered Online Dispute Resolution (ODR)

E-Courts initiative enables virtual hearings and paperless court operations.
AI-powered dispute resolution platforms settle minor legal conflicts without judicial intervention.

AI-Assisted Legal Translation

AI-driven tools like SUVAS (Supreme Court Vidhik Anuvaad Software) assist in real-time legal translations between English and vernacular languages.
Facilitates multilingual access to legal documents.

AI in Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention

AI-Powered Surveillance & Facial Recognition

Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS) integrates AI-based facial recognition for:
Identifying suspects from CCTV footage.
Tracking missing persons and habitual offenders.
Enhancing public safety with real-time crowd monitoring.

Predictive Policing & Crime Analytics

AI algorithms analyze:

Historical crime trends to detect crime hotspots.
Behavioral patterns of repeat offenders.
Social media and online data to track cybercriminals.

AI in Forensic Investigations

AI-driven forensic tools assist in:
- Deepfake detection and voice analysis in digital crimes.
- AI-assisted DNA & fingerprint matching for faster case resolution.
- Cybercrime tracking using AI-powered data forensics.

AI Chatbots for Public Assistance

AI-powered police chatbots help citizens:
- File FIRs online without visiting police stations.
- Track case progress in real time.
- Access legal guidance in simplified language.

Challenges in AI Adoption in Judiciary & Law Enforcement

Ethical Concerns & Algorithmic Bias: AI models may inherit biases from historical judicial decisions, affecting fairness and impartiality.
Data Privacy & Security Risks: AI-driven systems require access to vast legal and crime databases, raising concerns over data confidentiality.
Infrastructure Gaps & Digital Divide: Many courts and police stations, especially in rural India, lack AI infrastructure and technical expertise.
Legal & Regulatory Void: India currently lacks AI-specific laws to govern AI-driven judicial and policing mechanisms.

Government Initiatives for AI Integration

Supreme Court AI Initiatives

SUVAS: AI-powered legal translation for multilingual accessibility.
SUPACE: AI-based legal research and case analysis tool for judicial efficiency.

E-Courts (Phase III) Mission Mode Project

₹7210 crore allocation for AI-driven court automation and e-filing.
₹53.57 crore earmarked for AI and Blockchain adoption in High Courts.

Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS)

AI-powered nationwide police database for cross-state criminal tracking.

AI Task Force & NITI Aayog’s AI Strategy

NITI Aayog’s AI roadmap focuses on AI adoption in judicial reforms and policing.

Way Forward: AI for a Smarter Justice System

Establish AI Ethics Guidelines: Ensure transparency and fairness in AI-driven legal decisions.
Strengthen AI Infrastructure: Invest in AI training for judges and law enforcement officers.
Enhance Public Awareness: Educate citizens on AI-based legal resources and rights.
Encourage AI Research in Law: Support academic and industry collaboration for AI-driven legal innovations.

Consider the following statements regarding AI-driven judicial reforms in India:

SUPACE is an AI-powered tool developed by the Supreme Court of India to enhance judicial research and assist judges in case analysis.
SUVAS, launched alongside SUPACE, is primarily used for predictive justice and case prioritization in lower courts.
The E-Courts Phase III initiative has explicitly mandated the use of AI-driven legal research tools in all High Courts across India.
CCTNS, while primarily used in law enforcement, also assists the judiciary by automating case citations and legal precedent analysis.

Which of the statements are correct?

1 and 3 only
3 and 4 only
1, 2, and 4 only
1, 2, and 3 only

Answer: A) 1 and 3 only

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: SUPACE (Supreme Court Portal for Assistance in Court Efficiency) is an AI-based research tool designed to assist Supreme Court judges in case law analysis and judicial research.
Statement 2 is incorrect: SUVAS (Supreme Court Vidhik Anuvaad Software) is an AI-driven translation tool, not a case prioritization system.
Statement 3 is correct: The E-Courts Phase III initiative integrates AI-driven legal research tools in High Courts to improve case management.
Statement 4 is incorrect: CCTNS (Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems) is a law enforcement database, but it does not automate case citations or legal precedent analysis for the judiciary.

India’s ‘Look East’ Policy Has Transformed Into ‘Act East’

Syllabus: GS2/ IR

Historical Evolution

Look East Policy (1992):

Initiated under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao, this policy aimed to reinvigorate India’s neglected ties with Southeast Asia post-Cold War.

Key Features:
- Initially limited to ASEAN engagement, later expanded to East Asia and Oceania.
- Focus on economic integration, strategic collaboration, and cultural diplomacy.
- Led to reductions in trade barriers and increased inbound tourism from the region.

Transition to Act East Policy (Post-2014)

Background:
Global geopolitical shifts, including U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s 2011 push for India’s active engagement in the Asia-Pacific, shaped this transition.
In 2014, External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj formally introduced the Act East Policy, with PM Narendra Modi reinforcing it at the East Asia Summit.

Key Features:

Shift from diplomatic engagement to actionable outcomes.
Expanded focus from Southeast Asia to the Indo-Pacific.
North-East India designated as a strategic link between India and ASEAN.
3Cs Framework (2014): Commerce, Culture, and Connectivity.

2. Key Objectives and Achievements

Strategic and Defense Cooperation

Deepened defense engagements, including:
Sale of BrahMos missiles to the Philippines.
- Military logistics pact with Vietnam.
Strengthened regional groupings such as BIMSTEC, Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), and Asia Cooperation Dialogue.

Economic Engagement

Enhanced economic integration with ASEAN through Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).
Encouraged ASEAN participation in the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
Elevated bilateral relations to strategic partnerships with Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and Singapore.

Cultural and Soft Power Diplomacy

Reinforced civilizational ties through the Ramayana Festival and Buddhist heritage initiatives.
Promoted Buddhist and Hindu linkages for people-to-people exchanges.
India’s narrative faces competition from China’s claim over Buddhist heritage.

Connectivity and Infrastructure Development

Strengthening North-East India’s role as a gateway to ASEAN through:
India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway.
Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project.
Rhi-Tiddim Road and Border Haats to enhance trade ties.

3. Challenges and Roadblocks

Strategic and Economic Challenges

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) presents a formidable economic alternative to India’s connectivity projects.
BCIM-EC (Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor) poses strategic and infrastructural competition.
Myanmar’s political instability complicates India’s strategic outreach.
North-East India remains under-integrated into major infrastructure initiatives like Bharatmala and Sagarmala.

Cultural and Soft Power Challenges

Limited linguistic engagement with Southeast Asia, with scarce educational programs in Khmer, Bahasa Indonesia, Thai, or Burmese.
China’s Buddhist diplomacy challenges India’s historical narrative and soft power projection.

Connectivity Challenges

Project Delays: Slow implementation of key initiatives like the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project.
Underdeveloped trade facilities in the North-East hinder regional integration.

4. Way Forward: Towards a More Effective Act East Policy

Bolstering Infrastructure: Accelerate completion of connectivity projects.
Deepening Regional Integration: Fully integrate the North-East into ASEAN’s economic and infrastructure frameworks.
Climate Diplomacy & Security Engagement: Expand regional disaster management and maritime domain awareness.
Enhancing Strategic Partnerships: Actively engage with middle powers in the Indo-Pacific to counterbalance China’s influence.

Consider the following statements regarding the evolution of India’s Act East Policy:

The Look East Policy (1992) was initiated to counterbalance the influence of China in ASEAN and was primarily focused on military alliances.
The Act East Policy expanded India’s engagement beyond ASEAN to include Japan, Australia, and the Indo-Pacific region.
The 3Cs approach (Commerce, Culture, and Connectivity) was introduced during the 2014 East Asia Summit to enhance economic and cultural linkages.
The Act East Policy was launched in response to a recommendation from the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD).

Which of the statements are correct?

2 and 3 only
3 and 4 only
1, 2, and 4 only
1, 2, and 3 only

Answer: A) 2 and 3 only

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: The Look East Policy was not primarily military-focused but was aimed at economic, cultural, and strategic engagement with Southeast Asia.
Statement 2 is correct: The Act East Policy expanded India’s focus beyond ASEAN to Japan, Australia, and the Indo-Pacific.
Statement 3 is correct: The 3Cs (Commerce, Culture, Connectivity) framework was introduced at the 2014 East Asia Summit.
Statement 4 is incorrect: The Act East Policy was not a result of QUAD, but a natural evolution of Look East Policy due to regional geopolitical shifts.

Deputy Speaker

Syllabus: GS2/Governance

Constitutional Mandate

The office of the Deputy Speaker is enshrined in Articles 93 and 178 of the Constitution, making its election constitutionally mandatory.
Article 93: Mandates the election of a Speaker and Deputy Speaker for the Lok Sabha.
Article 178: Similar provision for State Legislative Assemblies.

Election and Tenure

The Constitution does not prescribe a time frame for the election of the Deputy Speaker, stating it must be held “as soon as may be.”
Conventionally, the Speaker is elected in the first session, and the Deputy Speaker in the second session.
Holds office until:
The House is dissolved.
Ceasing to be a Member of the House.
Removal by a resolution passed by the majority of all House members.

Duties and Powers of the Deputy Speaker

Aids the Speaker in the efficient functioning of the House.
Presides over the House in the absence of the Speaker and exercises all powers of the Speaker during such periods.
Can participate in debates and vote like other members but has a casting vote in case of a tie when presiding.
Cannot introduce bills or table questions while presiding over the House.
Receives a salary from the Consolidated Fund of India, independent of parliamentary voting.
Cannot preside over House proceedings when a motion for his removal is under debate.

Parliamentary Convention and Political Significance

A well-established parliamentary tradition dictates that the Deputy Speaker is chosen from the Opposition to ensure political neutrality and balance in proceedings.
This practice has largely been followed post-Emergency (1975), with some exceptions.

Consider the following statements regarding the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha:

The election of the Deputy Speaker is mandated by Article 93 of the Indian Constitution.
The Constitution mandates a fixed time frame for the election of the Deputy Speaker.
The Deputy Speaker presides over all debates, including motions related to his own removal.
The Deputy Speaker receives his salary from the Consolidated Fund of India, which is subject to parliamentary vote.

Which of the statements are correct?

1 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2, and 4 only
1, 2, and 3 only

Answer: A) 1 only

Explanation:

Statement 1 is correct: Article 93 mandates the election of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The Constitution does not prescribe a specific time frame for the election of the Deputy Speaker, only stating it must be held “as soon as may be.”
Statement 3 is incorrect: The Deputy Speaker cannot preside over the House when a motion for his own removal is under debate.

Statement 4 is incorrect: The Deputy Speaker’s salary comes from the Consolidated Fund of India, but it is not subject to parliamentary vote.

Exercise DHARMA GUARDIAN

Syllabus: GS3/ Defence

Context: The 6th edition of the India-Japan Joint Military Exercise DHARMA GUARDIAN has commenced at the East Fuji Manoeuvre Training Area, Japan.

About the Exercise

Genesis:

Initiated in 2018, it is a bilateral military exercise held annually on a rotational basis between India and Japan.
The 5th edition was conducted in Rajasthan, India (2024).

Objectives:

Enhance interoperability between the Indian Army and Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF).
Focus on joint urban warfare and counter-terrorism operations under a United Nations (UN) mandate.

Strategic Significance:

Reinforces India-Japan defense cooperation and military-to-military engagement.
Strengthens the Free, Open, and Inclusive Indo-Pacific strategy.
Aligns with the wider regional security architecture to ensure peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific.

Consider the following statements regarding the DHARMA GUARDIAN military exercise:

It is a tri-service military exercise between India and Japan.
The first edition of DHARMA GUARDIAN was held in 2018.
The exercise focuses on joint military operations under a UN mandate.
The latest edition (2024) was held in Rajasthan, India.

Which of the statements are correct?

1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2, and 4 only
1, 2, and 3 only

Answer: B) 2 and 3 only

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect: DHARMA GUARDIAN is an Army-to-Army exercise, not a tri-service exercise.
Statement 2 is correct: The exercise was initiated in 2018 and has been conducted annually.
Statement 3 is correct: The primary focus of the exercise is joint urban warfare and counter-terrorism under a UN mandate.
Statement 4 is incorrect: The 6th edition (2024) is being held in Japan, while the 5th edition was conducted in Rajasthan, India.

Blue-Cheeked Bee-Eater (Merops persicus)

Syllabus: GS3/ Environment

Context:

The first-ever breeding site of the Blue-Cheeked Bee-Eater in peninsular India has been discovered in the saltpans of Aandivilai near the Manakudy Mangroves in Kanniyakumari district, Tamil Nadu.

About Blue-Cheeked Bee-Eater (Merops persicus):

Physical Characteristics:

Slender-bodied bird with a predominantly green plumage.
Distinctive blue cheeks, black eye stripe, and a yellowish-brown throat.
Sharp, black beak specialized for catching insects.
Size: Grows up to 31 cm in length, with two elongated central tail feathers extending 7 cm longer than the rest.

Habitat & Distribution:

Migratory species found across Northern Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and India.
Prefers open habitats such as grasslands, wetlands, coastal areas, and agricultural fields.

Diet:

Primarily insectivorous, feeding on bees, wasps, hornets, and other flying insects.
Known for its aerial hunting skills, catching prey mid-flight with precision.

Conservation Status:

Listed as “Least Concern” by the IUCN Red List, indicating a stable population.
However, habitat loss due to wetland degradation and climate change may pose future threats.

Consider the following statements regarding the Blue-Cheeked Bee-Eater (Merops persicus):

It is an exclusively non-migratory bird found only in the Indian subcontinent.
The bird is characterized by blue cheeks, a black eye stripe, and a yellow-brown throat.
The species has been classified as “Endangered” under the IUCN Red List.
The first confirmed breeding site in peninsular India was discovered in Tamil Nadu.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1 and 2 only
2 and 4 only
1, 2, and 4 only
1, 2, and 3 only

Answer: B) 2 and 4 only

Explanation:Statement 1 is incorrect: The Blue-Cheeked Bee-Eater is a migratory species, not exclusive to India.

Statement 2 is correct: The bird has blue cheeks, a black eye stripe, and a yellow-brown throat.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The bird is listed as “Least Concern”, not “Endangered”, under the IUCN Red List.
Statement 4 is correct: The first breeding site in peninsular India was discovered in Aandivilai, Tamil Nadu.