National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations (NAKSHA)
Launch of NAKSHA Initiative for Modernizing Urban Land Records
- On February 18, 2025, Union Rural Development Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan officially launched the National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations (NAKSHA).
- NAKSHA aims to modernize urban land records across India, addressing the persistent issue of outdated mapping in many urban areas.
- As part of the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), NAKSHA will begin with a pilot phase in 152 urban local bodies across 26 states, before expanding nationwide.
What is NAKSHA?
- NAKSHA is a high-precision geospatial survey designed to create accurate urban land records by combining aerial and field surveys with advanced Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to enhance land governance.
- The initiative will prioritize towns with less than 35 square kilometers of area and populations under 200,000. The pilot phase, lasting one year, will test methodologies before scaling up for broader implementation.
Why is NAKSHA Necessary?
- Many urban areas in India continue to rely on outdated land records, causing inefficiencies in governance, property taxation, and urban planning.
- While rural land records have been modernized, urban areas still lack proper mapping systems. This gap was acknowledged in the Union Budget 2024 and emphasized again in 2025, highlighting the urgent need for reform in urban land management.
Key Objectives of NAKSHA
- Digitization of Urban Land Records: Creating a current and organized land database.
- Reducing Land Disputes: Resolving uncertainties in property ownership and boundaries.
- Enhancing Urban Planning: Providing accurate land data to support better infrastructure development.
- Streamlining Property Transactions: Simplifying registration and verification processes.
- Improving Tax Collection: Strengthening the financial stability of urban local bodies.
Funding and Costs
- The central government will fully fund NAKSHA, with the pilot phase costing approximately ₹194 crore.
- Survey costs vary based on the technology used:
- Basic Camera Survey: ₹25,000 to ₹30,000 per square kilometer.
- Advanced 3D Camera Survey: ₹60,000 per square kilometer.
Survey Methodology
- NAKSHA uses drone surveys with high-resolution cameras and LiDAR sensors, following a three-step process:
- Area Selection: Identifying target urban zones.
- Aerial Survey: Capturing detailed images with drones and oblique-angle cameras.
- Ground Verification: Ensuring data accuracy through field validation.
- This drone-based mapping offers superior image quality compared to satellite imagery, improving land record accuracy.
Future Expansion Plans
- If the pilot phase proves successful, NAKSHA will be expanded to 4,912 urban local bodies across India.
- The initiative is aimed at creating a robust urban land governance framework, enabling data-driven decision-making and efficient urban development. By bridging the gap in urban land records, NAKSHA will play a significant role in India’s digital transformation of land management.
Consider the following statements regarding the NAKSHA initiative:
- It is a geospatial survey focused on modernizing rural land records in India.
- The pilot phase of NAKSHA is set to cover urban local bodies across all Indian states and Union Territories.
- The initiative leverages advanced GIS technology, including drone-based aerial surveys. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) 1 and 2 only
b) 3 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (b) 3 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is incorrect because NAKSHA is focused on urban land records, not rural ones.
- Statement 2 is incorrect because the pilot phase is limited to 152 urban local bodies in 26 states, not across all states and Union Territories.
- Statement 3 is correct as NAKSHA integrates GIS technology and drone-based surveys.
Herath Festival
- Herath is a significant festival for the Kashmiri Pandit community, marking their unique observance of Mahashivratri.
- Celebrated from the 13th day of the Phalgun month (February or March) until the new moon, the festival derives its name from “Har-Ratri,” meaning “Night of Hara,” a reference to Lord Shiva. It symbolizes the union of divine forces and honors the sacred bond of Shiva and Parvati.
- Historical Significance: Rooted in the rich cultural heritage of the Kashmir Valley, Herath has been celebrated for centuries.
- It reflects the deep faith and traditions of the Kashmiri Pandits while also highlighting the interwoven cultural influences of the region. The festival holds immense significance in preserving the community’s identity and spiritual legacy.
- Rituals and Traditions: The festival preparations begin with a thorough cleaning of homes, symbolizing renewal and spiritual readiness. On the eve of Mahashivratri, families perform Vatuk Pooja, a central ritual where a kalash (sacred pot) filled with water and walnuts is placed in a sanctified space. This ceremony invokes divine blessings and represents prosperity and well-being. A priest often leads the rituals, fostering a strong sense of devotion and community bonding.
- Cultural Harmony: The day following Shiva Chaturdashi is called Salam, symbolizing unity between Kashmiri Pandits and Muslims. This tradition reflects the region’s rich cultural harmony and mutual respect. The festival concludes on the 15th day, known as Dooni-Mavas, when families distribute walnuts, representing prosperity, resilience, and shared blessings.
- Shankaracharya Temple and Devotion: A significant pilgrimage site during Herath is the Shankaracharya Temple, which overlooks Dal Lake in Srinagar. This historic temple serves as a spiritual center where devotees gather to offer prayers and express their reverence for Lord Shiva.
- The temple’s prominence during Herath underscores its enduring role in Kashmiri religious traditions.
- Herath in Contemporary Times : In recent years, public figures and leaders have acknowledged Herath’s cultural and spiritual importance. The Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister has extended official greetings to the Kashmiri Pandit community, reinforcing the festival’s role in fostering communal harmony and celebrating Kashmir’s diverse heritage. Such recognition strengthens social bonds and ensures the continuity of this cherished tradition.
Herath remains a profound celebration of devotion, unity, and cultural resilience, preserving the spirit of Kashmiri Pandit traditions across generations.
Consider the following statements regarding the festival of Herath:
- Herath is celebrated exclusively on the night of Mahashivratri in Kashmir.
- The term “Herath” originates from “Har-Ratri,” signifying the night of Lord Shiva.
- The festival is unique to the Kashmiri Pandit community and symbolizes the union of Shiva and Parvati.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect because Herath is not limited to a single night; it begins on the 13th day of Phalgun and continues until the new moon.
- Statement 2 is correct as the name “Herath” is derived from “Har-Ratri,” meaning “Night of Hara” (Shiva).
- Statement 3 is correct since Herath is a distinct tradition of the Kashmiri Pandit community, marking the divine union of Shiva and Parvati.
SPHEREx Telescope
NASA’s SPHEREx telescope is set to launch on February 27, 2025, with the ambitious mission of creating the most detailed and vibrant map of the universe ever produced. Over the course of a two-year mission, SPHEREx will collect comprehensive data on galaxies, stars, and molecules that are essential for life, offering fresh insights into the cosmos’ history and the possibility of extraterrestrial life.
- Mission Overview
SPHEREx, which stands for Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization, and Ices Explorer, is different from traditional space telescopes. Unlike Hubble or James Webb, which focus on specific celestial objects, SPHEREx will scan the entire sky. By dividing light into 96 spectral bands, it will offer a level of detail never seen before in the study of cosmic phenomena. - Unraveling Cosmic Inflation
One of SPHEREx’s primary objectives is to explore cosmic inflation, the rapid expansion of the universe following the Big Bang. This event is key to understanding the origin and evolution of the universe. SPHEREx will map over a billion galaxies, testing different theories of inflation and enhancing our understanding of the universe’s earliest stages. - Searching for Life-Forming Molecules
In addition to studying distant galaxies, SPHEREx will investigate conditions in the Milky Way that could support life. It will identify water and biogenic molecules—critical building blocks of life—captured in icy particles in cold interstellar regions. Mapping these molecules will help expand our understanding of potential habitable environments in space. - Collaboration with Other Space Missions
SPHEREx will complement other space telescopes, including James Webb. While James Webb focuses on high-resolution images of specific celestial objects, SPHEREx will provide a broad-spectrum view of the universe. Together, these telescopes will allow scientists to assemble a more comprehensive picture of the universe’s evolution. - Data Collection and Scientific Impact
Throughout its mission, SPHEREx is expected to capture around 8 million spectroscopic images, drastically improving our understanding of the cosmos. This data will play a crucial role in identifying regions with conditions potentially suitable for life, advancing the field of astrobiology. - Future Implications
The findings from SPHEREx could transform our understanding of cosmic history and the origins of life. By uncovering patterns and anomalies across the universe, the mission will help astronomers refine existing models and create new theories about the universe’s evolution.
With reference to NASA’s SPHEREx telescope, consider the following statements:
- SPHEREx will focus on capturing high-resolution images similar to the James Webb Space Telescope.
- The telescope is designed to scan the entire sky rather than specific celestial objects.
- It will divide incoming light into multiple spectral bands for detailed cosmic analysis.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is incorrect because, unlike the James Webb Space Telescope, which focuses on high-resolution images of specific regions, SPHEREx scans the entire sky to create a broad spectral map.
- Statement 2 is correct as SPHEREx is designed to survey the entire sky instead of focusing on individual celestial objects.
- Statement 3 is correct since SPHEREx divides light into 96 spectral bands, allowing for a detailed analysis of cosmic phenomena.
4. Kerala’s Waste Management Crisis
Kerala’s current waste management practices have raised serious environmental and ethical concerns. The state has been transferring large quantities of non-biodegradable waste to neighbouring states like Tamil Nadu, instead of developing sustainable internal solutions.
A recent report titled “Choking on Toxic Smoke The Brahmapuram Garbage Disaster in Kochi and Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kerala” highlights the urgent need for a structured and self-sufficient waste management system.
Scale of the Waste Crisis
Kerala generates an estimated 11,449 tonnes of municipal solid waste daily, sourced from:
- 6 municipal corporations
- 87 municipalities
- 941 panchayats
Waste management responsibilities have been assigned to local self-governments since 1994, yet many urban local bodies fail to comply with the Solid Waste Management Rules (2000), which mandate centralized waste disposal infrastructure.
The Brahmapuram Fire Incident: A Wake-Up Call
In March 2023, a massive fire at the Brahmapuram landfill incinerated 800,000 tonnes of legacy waste, releasing toxic pollutants into the environment. Scientific analyses confirmed the presence of hazardous substances, posing severe health risks to nearby communities. This disaster underscores the inefficiencies of Kerala’s waste disposal systems and the need for immediate reforms.
Key Challenges in Waste Management
Despite efforts to implement decentralized waste management models in cities like Alappuzha and Thiruvananthapuram, several obstacles persist:
- Inadequate Infrastructure:
- Waste processing facilities remain underdeveloped or underutilized.
- Lack of Reliable Data:
- Absence of systematic waste composition surveys hampers policy effectiveness.
- Poor Regulatory Compliance:
- Local bodies often fail to meet statutory waste disposal requirements.
Plastic and E-Waste Crisis
- Plastic Pollution: Despite a ban on single-use plastics in 2020, plastic waste continues to accumulate, with microplastics detected in major water bodies.
- E-Waste Management: Hazardous electronic waste is often mishandled, with improper disposal leading to severe environmental and health hazards.
Recommendations for Sustainable Waste Management
The report calls for a holistic approach, integrating waste management into broader urban planning, public health, and social justice frameworks. Key recommendations include:
Strategic Land-Use Planning: Aligning waste processing with sustainable land development.
Critical Assessment of Waste-to-Energy Plants: Evaluating the economic and environmental feasibility of large-scale incineration projects.
Strengthening Local Governance:
Empowering municipalities with improved resources, data collection, and regulatory oversight.
Innovative Local Initiatives
Some local self-governing institutions have successfully launched microenterprise schemes focused on:
- Waste recycling and reuse
- Employment generation through waste management enterprises
Expanding these community-driven models across Kerala could lead to a more sustainable and self-reliant waste management system.
Conclusion
Kerala must shift from short-term waste disposal tactics to a comprehensive, sustainable, and locally managed system. Strengthening policy enforcement, investing in infrastructure, and promoting community participation will be key to tackling the state’s mounting waste crisis.
Consider the following statements regarding Kerala’s waste management crisis:
- Kerala generates approximately 11,449 tonnes of municipal solid waste daily.
- The waste management system in Kerala has been centralized since 1994.
- The Solid Waste Management Rules (2000) mandate the creation of decentralized waste disposal facilities.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 only
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
Answer: (a) 1 only
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct – Kerala produces 11,449 tonnes of waste per day, as per the report.
Statement 2 is incorrect – Waste management was decentralized in 1994, assigning responsibilities to local self-governments.
Statement 3 is incorrect – The Solid Waste Management Rules (2000) primarily emphasize centralized waste disposal, not decentralization.
Sinking of the Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea, the world’s largest enclosed body of water, is facing severe environmental challenges. Reports indicate a significant decline in water levels, threatening regional biodiversity and human livelihoods. Environmental activists and officials emphasize the need for urgent, collective action from the five bordering nations—Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Iran—to prevent further degradation.
Geographical Features
Spanning approximately 370,000 square kilometers, the Caspian Sea is a unique water body with diverse ecological characteristics:
- Northern Region: Less saline and relatively shallow.
- Southern Region: Higher salinity, reaching depths of 1,025 meters.
This variation in salinity and depth influences marine biodiversity and resource distribution across the region.
Biodiversity and Natural Resources
The Caspian Sea hosts over 130 species of fish, including the sturgeon, which is vital for the global caviar industry. Additionally, more than 100 species of wetland birds depend on the region’s ecosystem. However, this rich biodiversity is under threat due to:
- Pollution from oil and gas extraction.
- Overfishing, depleting key species.
- Habitat destruction, reducing breeding grounds for marine and avian life.
Environmental Challenges
Several factors contribute to the Caspian Sea’s environmental decline:
Pollution:
Industrial waste from oil and gas operations has severely contaminated marine habitats.
Climate Change: Rising temperatures accelerate evaporation, leading to lower water levels.
- Ecosystem Disruption:
Deterioration of aquatic and wetland ecosystems endangers fisheries and local livelihoods.
International Cooperation Efforts
Recognizing the urgency of conservation, the Caspian Environment Programme (CEP) was established in 1998 to coordinate environmental policies. Furthermore, the Tehran Convention (2003) provides a legal framework for marine protection, emphasizing:
Pollution control measures for industrial activities.
Ecosystem restoration initiatives to counter habitat destruction.
Sustainable development strategies for fisheries and coastal communities.
Key Agreements and Future Strategies
Ratified in 2006 by all five littoral states, the Tehran Convention upholds principles of:
- Precautionary action against potential environmental harm.
- Accountability for pollution and resource mismanagement.
- Scientific monitoring to assess ecological changes.
Conclusion:
The future of the Caspian Sea depends on strengthened regional collaboration and immediate environmental action. Adopting sustainable conservation practices is crucial to preserving its marine ecosystem, economic significance, and biodiversity for generations to come.
Consider the following statements regarding the Caspian Sea:
- It is the world’s largest enclosed body of water.
- The northern part of the Caspian Sea is saltier and deeper than the southern part.
- It is bordered by five countries, including Turkey.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 1 and 3 only
c) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: a) 1 only
Explanation: The Caspian Sea is indeed the world’s largest enclosed body of water (Statement 1 is correct). However, its northern part is less saline and shallower, while the southern part is saltier and deeper, making Statement 2 incorrect. Additionally, Turkey is not a Caspian littoral state; the five bordering nations are Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Iran (Statement 3 is incorrect).
What is AI Singularity?
Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have sparked growing concerns about its long-term impact on society. Visionaries like Elon Musk warn that AI could surpass human intelligence sooner than expected, with predictions placing the emergence of super intelligent AI as early as 2025. This phenomenon, often referred to as AI singularity, represents a pivotal moment where machines achieve self-improvement beyond human control, intensifying the global debate among scientists and technology leaders.
Understanding AI Singularity
AI singularity refers to the hypothetical point when artificial intelligence exceeds human cognitive abilities and begins evolving autonomously.
The concept was first introduced by mathematician John von Neumann, who speculated about a future where technological progress accelerates beyond human comprehension.
Futurists like Ray Kurzweil estimate that this event may occur by 2045, but Elon Musk suggests it could happen much earlier.
Current AI Landscape
Despite rapid advancements, AI has not yet reached full autonomy. Modern machine learning models demonstrate self-improvement capabilities, yet the development of a truly superintelligent AI remains theoretical. Governments and technology firms are prioritizing responsible AI development, working to establish regulatory frameworks to manage its growth and mitigate risks.
Potential Risks and Ethical Concerns
AI singularity raises serious ethical and existential concerns.
In 2023, over 33,700 AI researchers signed an open letter, urging a temporary pause on AI models exceeding OpenAI’s GPT-4 due to potential dangers to society.
Critics fear that uncontrolled AI could devalue human decision-making, disrupt economies, and pose existential threats. Concerns also include job displacement, security risks, and the possibility of AI-driven autonomous weapons.
Potential Benefits of AI Singularity
Despite fears, proponents argue that AI singularity could lead to unprecedented scientific breakthroughs. Superintelligent AI has the potential to revolutionize medicine, environmental sustainability, and space exploration by solving complex global challenges at a pace beyond human capability. Optimists believe AI could enhance human life rather than replace it.
Regulatory Efforts and Economic Growth
As AI technology advances, policymakers are actively working on legislative frameworks to ensure its ethical use. The AI market, currently valued at $100 billion, is projected to skyrocket to $2 trillion by 2030. The exponential growth of AI underscores the urgency for robust regulations that balance innovation with societal safety.
Public Perception and Future Outlook
Public discourse on AI singularity continues to intensify, with influential figures like Musk advocating for greater caution and preparedness. References to dystopian AI scenarios, such as a “Terminator-like” future, resonate with many, reinforcing the need for proactive measures to safeguard humanity. As AI progresses, the world must navigate its potential and perils with foresight and responsibility.
Consider the following statements regarding AI Singularity:
- AI singularity refers to the moment when artificial intelligence surpasses human intelligence and becomes self-improving beyond human control.
- The concept was first introduced by Alan Turing in his paper on the Turing Test.
- Ray Kurzweil predicts that AI singularity will occur before 2030.
- Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1 and 3 only
Answer: (a) 1 only
Explanation:
The concept of AI singularity was first introduced by John von Neumann, not Alan Turing. Ray Kurzweil estimates singularity to occur by 2045, not before 2030
Six Years of SWAYATT Initiative
The Government e-Marketplace (GeM) recently marked six years of its SWAYATT initiative, which was launched in 2019 to enhance the participation of women, youth, and startups in government procurement.
Focused on social inclusion, the initiative aims to simplify market access for Micro & Small Enterprises (MSEs) and promote equitable economic opportunities.
Objectives of the SWAYATT Initiative SWAYATT is designed to empower women-led businesses and young entrepreneurs by providing them with direct access to government procurement.
Key objectives include:
Reducing dependence on intermediaries to ensure better pricing.
Facilitating training and onboarding for small businesses and last-mile sellers.
Establishing direct market linkages between enterprises and government buyers.
Strategic Partnerships and Recent Developments
On its sixth anniversary, GeM signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with FICCI Ladies Organisation (FICCI-FLO). This collaboration aims to connect women entrepreneurs directly with government buyers, eliminating third-party interventions.
Impact and Growth Since Inception
Since its launch, SWAYATT has significantly increased the representation of women-led enterprises on GeM:
- Initially, the platform had only 6,300 women-led enterprises and 3,400 startups.
- Today, over 1,77,786 Udyam-verified women MSEs have registered.
- Collectively, these enterprises have secured orders worth ₹46,615 crore.
Capacity Building and Training
Recognizing the importance of training, GeM has implemented structured programs to enhance the competitiveness of local businesses. These training initiatives help entrepreneurs navigate public procurement, fostering a more inclusive economy.
Future Roadmap
GeM has outlined ambitious targets for expanding the SWAYATT initiative:
- Onboarding 1 lakh startups onto the platform.
- Doubling the number of women entrepreneurs involved in government procurement.
- Currently, women account for 8% of all registered sellers on GeM, a figure the initiative aims to increase.
Dedicated Storefronts for Inclusive Growth
To further boost visibility and accessibility, SWAYATT has introduced exclusive storefronts such as:
- Startup Runway – A dedicated space for startups to showcase their offerings.
- Womaniya – A platform highlighting products and services from women entrepreneurs.
Economic Empowerment and Job Creation
By facilitating market access, financial support, and value-chain integration, SWAYATT plays a crucial role in job creation and economic empowerment. The initiative strengthens the startup ecosystem within public procurement, driving long-term growth and inclusion.
Consider the following statements regarding the Government e-Marketplace (GeM):
- It is a statutory body under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
- It allows only central and state government departments to procure goods and services.
- GeM facilitates participation from women entrepreneurs, startups, and MSMEs through initiatives like SWAYATT.
- GeM aims to reduce procurement inefficiencies by eliminating intermediaries.
Which of the statements are correct?
- A) 1 and 2 only
- B) 3 and 4 only
- C) 1, 3, and 4 only
- D) 1, 2, 3, and 4
Answer: B
Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect – GeM is not a statutory body; it was launched as an online procurement platform under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
Statement 2 is incorrect – GeM is open to various government agencies, PSUs, and local bodies, not just central and state governments.
Statements 3 and 4 are correct – GeM promotes inclusive participation of women entrepreneurs, MSMEs, and startups while eliminating middlemen for better pricing.
CAG Reports and Their Significance in India
The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) has recently gained attention following the presentation of 14 pending audit reports related to the previous Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) government in Delhi. One of these reports focuses on the now-abandoned excise policy, estimating a loss of ₹2,002 crore to the Delhi government. As India’s supreme audit institution, the CAG is integral to ensuring fiscal accountability and transparency in government financial matters.
Constitutional Provisions and Powers of the CAG
The CAG is appointed by the President of India under Articles 148 to 151 of the Constitution. The CAG’s operations are governed by the CAG’s Duties, Powers, and Conditions of Service Act, 1971, which provides a legal framework for its functioning. The key responsibilities of the CAG include:
- Auditing the accounts of the central and state governments, as well as Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs).
- Maintaining state government accounts and overseeing pension authorizations.
- Managing General Provident Fund (GPF) accounts for state employees.
Types of Audits Conducted by the CAG
The CAG conducts three primary types of audits:
- Compliance Audit – Focuses on ensuring that government entities comply with financial rules, regulations, and laws.
- Performance Audit – Assesses the effectiveness, efficiency, and economy of government schemes and programs.
- Financial Audit – Certifies government accounts and reviews the financial statements of PSUs.
Selection Process for Audits
The CAG selects audit subjects based on a risk assessment framework, considering factors such as:
- The magnitude of financial transactions involved.
- Previous inspection reports and media attention.
- Guidelines from the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI).
The Audit Advisory Board also suggests potential audit topics and methodologies. Government bodies or the judiciary may recommend specific audits when necessary.
Audit Procedure and Reporting
The audit procedure involves several key stages:
- Entry Conference – Before the audit begins, the CAG meets with the concerned department to discuss the scope, methodology, and timeline.
- Audit Process – The audit is conducted, gathering financial data and assessing compliance.
- Exit Conference – Once the audit is completed, the CAG shares key findings with the audited department.
- Response Period – The department is given six weeks to respond to the draft report.
- Final Report Submission – The final report is submitted to the President or Governor and later presented before Parliament or the State Legislature as per Article 151.
Challenges in Tabling CAG Reports
While Article 151 mandates the submission of audit reports, it does not specify a deadline for their presentation in the legislature. This has resulted in delays in tabling reports. For example, despite being submitted to the Lieutenant Governor, several CAG reports from the Delhi government have remained unpresented in the Assembly for four years.
Impact of CAG Reports on Governance
CAG reports frequently uncover financial mismanagement and inefficiencies, prompting policy reforms. Notable examples include:
- Telangana Government Reforms – A CAG audit of engineering procurement contracts led to reforms in the state’s Engineering Procurement Contract (EPC) mode.
- Increased Auditing Activity – In 2022-23, the CAG produced 172 audit reports, reflecting a significant rise in its scrutiny of government finances.
By highlighting irregularities, the CAG plays a crucial role in enhancing accountability, reducing corruption, and improving public financial management.
Consider the following statements regarding the appointment and removal of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India:
- The CAG is appointed by the President of India under Article 148 of the Constitution.
- The CAG holds office for a term of six years or until attaining the age of 65, whichever is earlier.
- The CAG can be removed by the President at their discretion.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(A) 1 and 2 only
(B) 2 and 3 only
(C) 1 and 3 only
(D) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (A) 1 and 2 only
Explanation:
- The CAG is appointed by the President under Article 148.
- The term of office is 6 years or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier.
- The CAG cannot be removed at the President’s discretion. The removal process is similar to that of a Supreme Court judge, requiring a resolution passed by both Houses of Parliament on grounds of proven misbehavior or incapacity.
Ex INS Guldar Transformed Into Underwater Museum
The Indian Navy has transferred Ex INS Guldar, a decommissioned Landing Ship Tank (Medium), to the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation Limited (MTDC). This initiative represents India’s first effort to repurpose a retired naval vessel into an underwater museum and artificial reef. The handover took place in Karwar, with MTDC assuming ownership on an ‘as is where is’ basis. This project aims to promote marine conservation while boosting coastal tourism and local livelihoods.
About Ex INS Guldar
- Origin & Commissioning:
Built in Poland, Ex INS Guldar was commissioned into the Indian Navy on December 30, 1985.
- Operational History:
The ship initially served in the Eastern Naval Command until 1995 and later in the Andaman and Nicobar Command until its decommissioning on January 12, 2024.
- Major Operations:
Over its 39 years of service, Ex INS Guldar participated in critical missions, including Op Aman and Op Pawan. It successfully executed over 490 beaching operations.
Environmental & Economic Benefits
The scuttling of decommissioned naval ships creates artificial reefs, fostering marine biodiversity and acting as a habitat for marine species. This initiative contributes to marine conservation while also benefiting local economies through underwater tourism and diving activities.
Diving Training & Naval Collaboration
The project will serve as a dedicated training site for the Indian Navy. The scuttled vessel will enable diving exercises and operational drills, strengthening the Navy’s capabilities while enhancing public awareness of maritime heritage.
Other Marine Museums in India
India has repurposed several naval vessels into museums, preserving maritime history:
- INS Kursura (Vishakhapatnam) – A submarine museum.
- INS Vikrant – Previously a museum, recommissioned in 2022.
- INS Cuddalore – Converted into an underwater museum.
This initiative underscores India’s commitment to maritime heritage, marine conservation, and tourism-driven economic development.
Consider the following statements regarding Ex INS Guldar:
- It was commissioned into the Indian Navy in 1995 and served in the Western Naval Command.
- The vessel participated in operations like Op Aman and Op Pawan.
- The ship was decommissioned in 2024 and later transferred to the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation Limited (MTDC).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is incorrect – Ex INS Guldar was commissioned in 1985, not 1995, and it primarily served in the Eastern Naval Command before moving to the Andaman and Nicobar Command.
- Statement 2 is correct – The vessel took part in notable operations like Op Aman and Op Pawan.
- Statement 3 is correct – It was decommissioned in 2024 and later transferred to MTDC for conversion into an underwater museum.
Soligas and Tiger Conservation in BRT Tiger Reserve
The Soliga tribe, an indigenous community residing in the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (BRT) Tiger Reserve in Karnataka, plays a crucial role in conservation efforts.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in the 119th edition of Mann Ki Baat, highlighted their contribution to tiger population growth and acknowledged their cultural reverence for wildlife, which fosters harmony between humans and nature.
About the Soliga Tribe
- The name “Soliga” means “children of bamboo”.
- They inhabit the Biligiri Rangana Hills and Male Mahadeshwara Hills in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
- The Soligas were the first tribe in India to gain official rights to reside inside a tiger reserve (BRT Tiger Reserve).
- As per the 2011 Census, their population stood at 33,871 in Karnataka and 5,965 in Tamil Nadu.
- They speak Sholaga (a Dravidian language), along with Kannada and Tamil.
- Traditionally, they practice shifting cultivation and rely on forest resources, particularly honey collection, as a major source of food.
Cultural Practices and Conservation
- The Soligas revere tigers, referring to them as Dodda Nayi (Big Dog).
- They maintain a tiger temple, signifying their spiritual connection to the species.
- Their sustainable forest lifestyle reduces environmental degradation and aids in conservation efforts.
Human-Wildlife Coexistence
- Human-animal conflict is minimal in the BRT Tiger Reserve due to the Soligas’ deep understanding of wildlife behavior.
- The tribe avoids certain areas at specific times, reducing tiger encounters.
- They leave portions of their harvest for wildlife, ensuring food availability for animals and minimizing competition.
Collaboration with the Forest Department
- The Forest Department works closely with the Soligas, leveraging their knowledge for forest management.
- The tribe actively participates in fire prevention, habitat protection, and conservation programs.
Tiger Population Trends in BRT Tiger Reserve
- According to National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) reports:
- 2014: 69 tigers
- 2018: 86 tigers (increase observed)
- 2022: Decline in tiger numbers due to human interference and habitat degradation.
- Conservation efforts need to address these challenges to ensure long-term protection.
Recognition of Tribal Rights
- The Soligas were the first tribal group to receive forest rights within a tiger reserve through a landmark 2011 court ruling.
- Recognizing tribal rights is critical for conservation success, as it enables indigenous communities to actively participate in safeguarding biodiversity.
Conservation and Cultural Integration
- India’s tribal communities have long-established sustainable practices that aid conservation.
- The Prime Minister referenced other cultural traditions, like Huli Vesha dance of Karnataka, to highlight tribal contributions to biodiversity preservation.
This model of human-wildlife coexistence sets a precedent for conservation strategies worldwide, demonstrating how traditional ecological knowledge can complement modern conservation efforts
Consider the following statements regarding the Soliga tribe:
- They were the first tribal community in India to receive official rights to live inside a tiger reserve.
- Their primary occupation has historically been settled agriculture.
- The Soligas speak only Sholaga, a language of the Dravidian family.
- They have a cultural tradition of worshipping tigers, referring to them as “Dodda Nayi.”
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A) 1 and 4 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1, 3, and 4 only
D) 1, 2, and 4 only
Answer: A) 1 and 4 only
Explanation:
- Statement 1 is correct. The Soligas were the first tribe in India to be granted forest rights inside a tiger reserve (BRT Tiger Reserve).
- Statement 2 is incorrect. They traditionally practiced shifting cultivation rather than settled agriculture.
- Statement 3 is incorrect. While they speak Sholaga, they also communicate in Kannada and Tamil.
- Statement 4 is correct. They worship tigers, referring to them as Dodda Nayi (Big Dog), which fosters conservation ethics.
Mount Dukono Eruption
Mount Dukono Eruption
- Mount Dukono, an active volcano in North Maluku, Indonesia, recently erupted, sending ash plumes up to 2,000 meters into the sky.
- The eruption has raised concerns regarding aviation safety and local communities, prompting precautionary measures.
About Mount Dukono
- Located on Halmahera Island, North Maluku, Indonesia.
- Stands at 1,235 meters above sea level.
- Recorded its first eruption in 1933 and has since remained highly active.
- Frequently emits volcanic smoke and experiences eruptions, making it one of Indonesia’s persistent volcanoes.
Indonesia’s Volcanic Activity
- Home to 130 active volcanoes, the highest number globally.
- Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, a seismically active region prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
- Has recorded numerous deadly eruptions, causing land devastation, tsunamis, and pyroclastic flows.
- Mount Merapi and Mount Kelut, located on Java Island, are Indonesia’s most active and hazardous volcanoes.
- Most volcanoes are concentrated along the Sunda Arc, a 3,000 km-long volcanic chain formed by the subduction of the Indian Ocean Plate beneath the Asian Plate.
Pacific Ring of Fire: Also known as the Circum-Pacific Belt, spanning 40,000 km around the Pacific Ocean.
- Characterized by intense tectonic activity due to interactions between multiple plates, including:
- Pacific Plate, Juan de Fuca Plate, Cocos Plate, Indo-Australian Plate, Nazca Plate, North American Plate, and Philippine Plate.
- Countries along the Ring of Fire include Japan, Indonesia, the U.S., Chile, Mexico, and New Zealand.
- Responsible for 90% of the world’s earthquakes and the majority of volcanic eruptions.
The ongoing activity of Mount Dukono highlights Indonesia’s vulnerability to geological hazards and the broader seismic risks associated with the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Consider the following statements regarding Mount Dukono:
- It is located in the Sunda Arc, a volcanic belt formed due to the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Indo-Australian Plate.
- It recorded its first eruption in 1933 and has remained an active volcano ever since.
- The recent eruption of Mount Dukono sent volcanic ash up to 2,000 meters into the atmosphere.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Mount Dukono is located on Halmahera Island, North Maluku, not in the Sunda Arc (which mainly covers the Java and Sumatra regions). However, it did erupt for the first time in 1933, and the latest eruption indeed sent ash 2,000 meters into the sky.
